Activation of GABAA receptors by kushenol I, (–)-kurarinone, sophoraflavanone G, and kuraridine. a Bar graphs illustrate the amplitudes of chloride currents induced in the absence of GABA by saturating concentrations of kushenol I (1.0 ± 0.2%, n = 3, (–)-kurarinone (3.7 ± 1.1%, n = 3) sophoraflavanone G (2.1 ± 0.4%, n = 3) and kuraridine 5.0 ± 2.2%, n = 3). 100% correspond to the maximal IGABA induced by a saturating concentration (1 mM) of GABA. b Representative currents illustrating direct activation of GABAA receptors (α1β2γ2S) by kushenol I, (–)-kurarinone, sophoraflavanone G, and kuraridine in comparison to IGABA induced by 1 μM GABA