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. 2011 Oct 15;2011:601834. doi: 10.1155/2011/601834

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Copyright © 2011 Verónica Leticia Colin et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Redesigned pathways for microbial production of ethanol from carbohydrates. The dashed lines indicate multiple steps. Abbreviations: ADH: alcohol dehydrogenase; AR: aldose reductase; ARAA: L-arabinose isomerase; ARAB: L-ribulokinase; ARAD: L-ribulose-5-P-4-epimerase; FDH: formate dehydrogenase; FHL: formate hydrogen lyase; LAD: L-arabitol 4-dehydrogenase; LXR1: L-xylulose reductase; PDC: pyruvate decarboxylase; PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase; PFL: pyruvate formate lyase; XDH: xylitol dehydrogenase; XR: xylose reductase; XYLA: xylose isomerase; XYLB: xylulokinase.