Table 1. Risk of death from all causes and from cardiovascular disease among men aged 20–79; associations with anthropometric measures.
| All causes | Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
| Anthropometric measures | No. of persons | No. of deaths | Adjusteda HR (95% CI) | P trend | No. of deaths | Adjusteda HR (95% CI) | P trend |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||||
| <18.5b | 104 | 31 | 2.48 (1.73–3.54) | 9 | 2.23 (1.15–4.33) | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 9,575 | 970 | 1.00 (Reference) | 300 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| 25.0–29.9 | 13,138 | 1,320 | 0.86 (0.79–0.93) | 492 | 1.04 (0.90–1.21) | ||
| 30.0–34.9 | 3,154 | 445 | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) | 175 | 1.42 (1.17–1.71) | ||
| ≥35.0 | 490 | 70 | 1.34 (1.05–1.72) | 0.16 | 28 | 1.78 (1.20–2.64) | <0.001 |
| per 5 kg/m2 | 26,357 | 2,805 | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.21 | 995 | 1.19 (1.08–1.30) | <0.001 |
| per SD (3.4 kg/m2) | 26,357 | 2,805 | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 0.21 | 995 | 1.12 (1.06–1.20) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||||||
| <80 | 1,882 | 116 | 1.17 (0.96–1.42) | 33 | 1.06 (0.74–1.53) | ||
| 80–89 | 9,466 | 723 | 1.00 (Reference) | 233 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| 90–99 | 10,378 | 1,134 | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 404 | 1.10 (0.93–1.29) | ||
| 100–109 | 3,625 | 588 | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | 226 | 1.27 (1.05–1.53) | ||
| ≥110 | 1,006 | 244 | 1.64 (1.41–1.90) | <0.001 | 99 | 1.99 (1.56–2.53) | <0.001 |
| per 10 cm | 26,357 | 2,805 | 1.11 (1.07–1.16) | <0.001 | 995 | 1.21 (1.13–1.29) | <0.001 |
| per SD (9.1 cm) | 26,357 | 2,805 | 1.10 (1.06–1.14) | <0.001 | 995 | 1.19 (1.12–1.26) | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | |||||||
| <95 | 2,360 | 275 | 1.18 (1.02–1.36) | 80 | 0.96 (0.75–1.25) | ||
| 95–99 | 6,158 | 639 | 1.00 (Reference) | 225 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| 100–104 | 9,203 | 925 | 0.89 (0.80–0.99) | 335 | 0.92 (0.77–1.09) | ||
| 105–109 | 5,471 | 546 | 0.86 (0.76–0.96) | 200 | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | ||
| ≥110 | 3,165 | 420 | 1.17 (1.03–1.33) | 0.52 | 155 | 1.23 (1.00–1.51) | 0.24 |
| per 10 cm | 26,357 | 2,805 | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 0.76 | 995 | 1.11 (1.00–1.23) | 0.05 |
| per SD (6.2 cm) | 26,357 | 2,805 | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 0.76 | 995 | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 0.05 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | |||||||
| <0.85 | 5,301 | 254 | 1.07 (0.90–1.26) | 75 | 1.11 (0.82–1.50) | ||
| 0.86–0.87 | 5,126 | 328 | 1.00 (Reference) | 97 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| 0.88–0.89 | 5,287 | 493 | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | 167 | 1.25 (0.97–1.60) | ||
| 0.90–0.93 | 5,367 | 646 | 1.14 (0.99–1.30) | 233 | 1.33 (1.05–1.69) | ||
| ≥0.94 | 5,276 | 1,084 | 1.38 (1.21–1.56) | <0.001 | 423 | 1.70 (1.36–2.13) | <0.001 |
| per 0.1 unit | 26,357 | 2,805 | 1.28 (1.20–1.36) | <0.001 | 995 | 1.43 (1.29–1.59) | <0.001 |
| per SD (0.06) | 26,357 | 2,805 | 1.15 (1.11–1.19) | <0.001 | 995 | 1.23 (1.16–1.30) | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | |||||||
| <0.47 | 5,286 | 239 | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) | 63 | 1.09 (0.79–1.50) | ||
| 0.48–0.49 | 5,219 | 334 | 1.00 (Reference) | 94 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| 0.50–0.51 | 5,360 | 501 | 1.11 (0.96–1.27) | 173 | 1.34 (1.04–1.72) | ||
| 0.52–0.54 | 5,264 | 663 | 1.07 (0.94–1.23) | 238 | 1.31 (1.03–1.67) | ||
| ≥0.55 | 5,228 | 1,068 | 1.24 (1.09–1.40) | 0.005 | 427 | 1.65 (1.32–2.08) | <0.001 |
| per 0.1 unit | 26,357 | 2,805 | 1.24 (1.15–1.33) | <0.001 | 995 | 1.50 (1.33–1.68) | <0.001 |
| per SD (0.05) | 26,357 | 2,805 | 1.12 (1.08–1.16) | <0.001 | 995 | 1.24 (1.16–1.31) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: HR = hazard ratio, CI = confidence interval, SD = standard deviation.
a
Adjusted for age (in the time scale), smoking (never, former, current, unknown) and physical activity per week (no, <3 hours light, ≥3 hours light or <1 hour hard, ≥1 hour hard, unknown).
b
This category was excluded from the remainder of the analysis presented in the table.