Table 2. Risk of death from all causes and from cardiovascular disease among women aged 20–79; associations with anthropometric measures.
| All causes | Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
| Anthropometric measures | No. of persons | No. of deaths | Adjusteda HR (95% CI) | P trend | No. of deaths | Adjusteda HR (95% CI) | P trend |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||||
| <18.5b | 314 | 44 | 2.02 (1.49–2.74) | 9 | 1.39 (0.71–2.71) | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 13,895 | 819 | 1.00 (Reference) | 230 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| 25.0–29.9 | 10,947 | 872 | 0.81 (0.74–0.90) | 308 | 0.93 (0.78–1.10) | ||
| 30.0–34.9 | 3,961 | 469 | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) | 181 | 1.10 (0.90–1.35) | ||
| ≥35.0 | 1,393 | 204 | 1.24 (1.06–1.45) | 0.26 | 74 | 1.41 (1.08–1.85) | 0.02 |
| per 5 kg/m2 | 30,196 | 2,364 | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 0.27 | 793 | 1.10 (1.03–1.19) | 0.009 |
| per SD (4.5 kg/m2) | 30,196 | 2,364 | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 0.27 | 793 | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | 0.009 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||||||
| <70 | 3,981 | 126 | 1.11 (0.92–1.35) | 25 | 0.94 (0.62–1.44) | ||
| 70–79 | 11,122 | 566 | 1.00 (Reference) | 152 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| 80–89 | 8,589 | 761 | 1.00 (0.90–1.12) | 265 | 1.14 (0.93–1.40) | ||
| 90–99 | 4,330 | 537 | 1.11 (0.99–1.23) | 207 | 1.36 (1.10–1.68) | ||
| ≥100 | 2,174 | 374 | 1.48 (1.30–1.70) | <0.001 | 144 | 1.80 (1.43–2.27) | <0.001 |
| per 10 cm | 30,196 | 2,364 | 1.11 (1.07–1.16) | <0.001 | 793 | 1.20 (1.12–1.27) | <0.001 |
| per SD (11.3 cm) | 30,196 | 2,364 | 1.13 (1.09–1.18) | <0.001 | 793 | 1.22 (1.14–1.31) | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | |||||||
| <95 | 6,457 | 348 | 1.10 (0.95–1.27) | 96 | 1.17 (0.89–1.54) | ||
| 95–99 | 6,639 | 428 | 1.00 (Reference) | 115 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| 100–104 | 6,840 | 499 | 0.86 (0.75–0.98) | 173 | 1.04 (0.82–1.31) | ||
| 105–109 | 4,498 | 410 | 0.87 (0.76–1.00) | 151 | 1.07 (0.84–1.36) | ||
| ≥110 | 5,762 | 679 | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) | 0.33 | 258 | 1.27 (1.01–1.58) | 0.14 |
| per 10 cm | 30,196 | 2,364 | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 0.20 | 793 | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) | 0.01 |
| per SD (9.4 cm) | 30,196 | 2,364 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.20 | 793 | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | 0.01 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | |||||||
| <0.74 | 6,040 | 191 | 1.01 (0.84–1.22) | 46 | 0.94 (0.65–1.35) | ||
| 0.74–0.77 | 6,011 | 282 | 1.00 (Reference) | 83 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| 0.78–0.79 | 5,988 | 413 | 1.08 (0.93–1.26) | 134 | 1.11 (0.84–1.46) | ||
| 0.80–0.83 | 6,125 | 572 | 1.16 (1.00–1.34) | 189 | 1.17 (0.90–1.51) | ||
| ≥0.84 | 6,032 | 906 | 1.48 (1.29–1.69) | <0.001 | 341 | 1.65 (1.30–2.10) | <0.001 |
| per 0.1 unit | 30,196 | 2,364 | 1.34 (1.25–1.43) | <0.001 | 793 | 1.49 (1.33–1.66) | <0.001 |
| per SD (0.06) | 30,196 | 2,364 | 1.19 (1.15–1.24) | <0.001 | 793 | 1.27 (1.18–1.36) | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | |||||||
| <0.43 | 6,001 | 156 | 1.29 (1.05–1.59) | 30 | 1.29 (0.83–2.02) | ||
| 0.43–0.46 | 6,114 | 235 | 1.00 (Reference) | 55 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| 0.47–0.49 | 6,010 | 407 | 1.19 (1.01–1.40) | 121 | 1.35 (0.98–1.86) | ||
| 0.50–0.54 | 6,014 | 606 | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | 218 | 1.42 (1.05–1.91) | ||
| ≥0.55 | 6,057 | 960 | 1.35 (1.16–1.56) | 0.005 | 369 | 1.71 (1.28–2.28) | <0.001 |
| per 0.1 unit | 30,196 | 2,364 | 1.20 (1.14–1.27) | <0.001 | 793 | 1.34 (1.21–1.47) | <0.001 |
| per SD (0.07) | 30,196 | 2,364 | 1.14 (1.10–1.19) | <0.001 | 793 | 1.23 (1.15–1.32) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: HR = hazard ratio, SD = standard deviation, CI = confidence interval.
a
Adjusted for age (in the time scale), smoking (never, former, current, unknown) and physical activity per week (no, <3 hours light, ≥3 hours light or <1 hour hard, ≥1 hour hard, unknown).
b
This category was excluded from the remainder of the analysis presented in the table.