Table 1. Opioid and nonopioid medication use and opioid-induced AEs observed at baseline or before study.

Patient	Baseline Opioid*	Reasons for Unsatisfactory Pain Relief at Baseline	Pain Medications Reported at Baseline or Before Study†
1	Morphine	Decreased opioid efficacy‡ Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (drowsiness)	Duloxetine, epidural steroids, methylphenidate, morphine, pregabalin
2	Morphine	Decreased opioid efficacy‡	Amitriptyline, clonazepam, duloxetine, IV lidocaine, methadone, milnacipran, morphine, pregabalin
3	Morphine	Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (constipation, drowsiness)	Duloxetine, fentanyl patch, gabapentin, lidocaine patch, morphine
4	Oxycodone	Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (drowsiness)	Bupropion, fentanyl patch, gabapentin, lidocaine patch, NSAID, venlafaxine, oxycodone
5	Morphine	Decreased opioid efficacy‡ Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (constipation, depression, nausea)	Doxepin, duloxetine, gabapentin, hydrocodone nerve block, morphine, pregabalin, trazodone, oxycodone
6	Oxycodone	Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (drowsiness, nausea)	Duloxetine, fentanyl patch, gabapentin, hydrocodone, nerve block, NSAID, oxycodone, tramadol
7	Morphine	Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (constipation, drowsiness, nausea)	Fentanyl patch, hydrocodone, methadone, nortriptyline, oxycodone, sertraline, topiramate, trazodone, venlafaxine, morphine
8	Oxycodone	Decreased opioid efficacy‡	Cyclobenzaprine, diazepam, fentanyl, methadone, morphine, nerve block, oxycodone, warfarin
9	Morphine	Decreased opioid efficacy‡	Duloxetine, fluoxetine, hydromorphone, methadone, NSAID, paroxetine, morphine
10	Morphine	Decreased opioid efficacy‡ Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (constipation, edema)	Epidural steroids, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, morphine, oxycodone, spinal cord stimulator, tramadol, trazodone
11	Oxycodone	Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (constipation, drowsiness)	Duloxetine, gabapentin, methadone, nerve block, oxycodone
12	Morphine	Decreased opioid efficacy‡ Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (edema)	Methadone, morphine, nortriptyline, oxcarbazepine, oxycodone

AE = adverse event; IV = intravenous; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

^*Baseline opioid is opioid taken by participant at enrollment.

^†Medications reported by participant as taken for pain control at baseline or at any time in the past before baseline. Opioid medications listed here include both those present at study baseline and those taken in the past but discontinued. No changes were made in the participants' nonopioid medications that were still being taken at study baseline.

^‡Clinically interpreted as due to onset of opioid tolerance.