Table 1. Opioid and nonopioid medication use and opioid-induced AEs observed at baseline or before study.
Patient | Baseline Opioid* | Reasons for Unsatisfactory Pain Relief at Baseline | Pain Medications Reported at Baseline or Before Study† |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Morphine | Decreased opioid efficacy‡ Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (drowsiness) |
Duloxetine, epidural steroids, methylphenidate, morphine, pregabalin |
2 | Morphine | Decreased opioid efficacy‡ | Amitriptyline, clonazepam, duloxetine, IV lidocaine, methadone, milnacipran, morphine, pregabalin |
3 | Morphine | Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (constipation, drowsiness) | Duloxetine, fentanyl patch, gabapentin, lidocaine patch, morphine |
4 | Oxycodone | Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (drowsiness) | Bupropion, fentanyl patch, gabapentin, lidocaine patch, NSAID, venlafaxine, oxycodone |
5 | Morphine | Decreased opioid efficacy‡ Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (constipation, depression, nausea) |
Doxepin, duloxetine, gabapentin, hydrocodone nerve block, morphine, pregabalin, trazodone, oxycodone |
6 | Oxycodone | Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (drowsiness, nausea) | Duloxetine, fentanyl patch, gabapentin, hydrocodone, nerve block, NSAID, oxycodone, tramadol |
7 | Morphine | Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (constipation, drowsiness, nausea) | Fentanyl patch, hydrocodone, methadone, nortriptyline, oxycodone, sertraline, topiramate, trazodone, venlafaxine, morphine |
8 | Oxycodone | Decreased opioid efficacy‡ | Cyclobenzaprine, diazepam, fentanyl, methadone, morphine, nerve block, oxycodone, warfarin |
9 | Morphine | Decreased opioid efficacy‡ | Duloxetine, fluoxetine, hydromorphone, methadone, NSAID, paroxetine, morphine |
10 | Morphine | Decreased opioid efficacy‡ Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (constipation, edema) |
Epidural steroids, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, morphine, oxycodone, spinal cord stimulator, tramadol, trazodone |
11 | Oxycodone | Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (constipation, drowsiness) | Duloxetine, gabapentin, methadone, nerve block, oxycodone |
12 | Morphine | Decreased opioid efficacy‡ Unmanageable opioid-induced AEs (edema) |
Methadone, morphine, nortriptyline, oxcarbazepine, oxycodone |
AE = adverse event; IV = intravenous; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
Baseline opioid is opioid taken by participant at enrollment.
Medications reported by participant as taken for pain control at baseline or at any time in the past before baseline. Opioid medications listed here include both those present at study baseline and those taken in the past but discontinued. No changes were made in the participants' nonopioid medications that were still being taken at study baseline.
Clinically interpreted as due to onset of opioid tolerance.