Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of men and women; the MORGEN Study, 1993-1997
| Sleep Duration |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 6 h (n = 3387) | 7 h (n = 8216) | 8 h (n = 7349) | ≥ 9 h (n = 1480) | |
| Demographic Factors | ||||
| Age (years)a | 44.3 (10.3) | 41.7 (10.6) | 41.5 (11.8) | 41.4 (12.9) |
| Sex (male, %) | 54 | 50 | 38 | 32 |
| Education (low, %) | 54 | 44 | 49 | 57 |
| Lifestyle Factors (%) | ||||
| Current cigarette smoking | 40 | 35 | 33 | 35 |
| Cyclingb | 70 | 80 | 79 | 72 |
| Sportsb | 36 | 46 | 43 | 36 |
| Alcohol | ||||
| None | 15 | 10 | 15 | 23 |
| Moderatec | 52 | 58 | 60 | 54 |
| Coffee consumption (≥ 6 cups a day) | 44 | 39 | 31 | 28 |
| General Health (%) | ||||
| Good subjective health | 82 | 92 | 91 | 79 |
| Sleep qualityd | ||||
| Good | 39 | 53 | 58 | 44 |
| Don't know | 21 | 21 | 19 | 16 |
| Poor | 40 | 26 | 24 | 40 |
| Biological Risk Factors | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 25.7 (4.1) | 24.9 (3.8) | 24.8 (3.9) | 24.9 (4.3) |
| Overweight (25-30 kg/m2,%) | 39 | 35 | 33 | 34 |
| Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m2,%) | 14 | 9 | 9 | 11 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L)a | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.2 (1) | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.3 (1.1) |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)a | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.4) |
| Glucose (mmol/L)a | 5.4 (1.5) | 5.2 (1.2) | 5.2 (1.3) | 5.3 (1.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)a | 123 (17) | 121 (16) | 120 (16) | 120 (16) |
| Hypertension (%)e | 23 | 18 | 17 | 18 |
| Self-reported CVD risk factor medication (%)f | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 (%) | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.4 |
| Cardiovascular Events | ||||
| Non-fatal CVD (n/%)g | 309/9.2 | 531/6.5 | 456/6.3 | 97/6.7 |
| Non-fatal CHD (n/%)h | 209/6.2 | 345/4.3 | 260/3.6 | 51/3.5 |
| Fatal CVD (n/%)g | 42/1.2 | 58/0.7 | 64/0.9 | 13/0.9 |
| Fatal CHD (n/%)h | 25/0.7 | 25/0.3 | 33/0.5 | 5/0.3 |
a
Numbers are given as mean (SD);
b
Numbers are based on baseline data from 1994-1997;
c
Moderate alcohol consumption: ≤ 2 glasses per day for men and ≤ 1 glass for women;
d
Numbers are based on baseline data from 1993 and 1994;
e
Systolic blood pressure ≥ mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg and/or usage of antihypertensive medication;
f
Cholesterol lowering and/or antihypertensive medication;
g
CVD were defined according to ICD-9 codes 410-414, 415.1,427.5, 428, 430-438, 440-444, 798.1, 798.2 and 798.9 and corresponding ICD-10 codes for the fatal cases after 1996;
h
CHD was defined according to ICD-9 codes 410-414 and corresponding ICD-10 codes for the fatal cases after 1996.