Table 1.
Subject characteristics
| Nondiabetic control subjects | Type 1 diabetes | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 78 | 259 | |
| Age (years) | 15.5 ± 2.2 | 15.4 ± 2.2 | 0.73 |
| Sex (% male) | 44 | 50 | 0.31 |
| Race/ethnicity (% non-Hispanic white) | 69 | 80 | 0.03 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | NA | 8.7 ± 2.9 | NA |
| Tanner stage [n (%)]* | |||
| I | 3 (4) | 7 (3) | |
| II | 9 (12) | 21 (8) | |
| III | 11 (14) | 26 (10) | |
| IV | 20 (26) | 72 (28) | |
| V | 33 (42) | 133 (51) | 0.08 |
| Cystatin C (mg/L) | 0.698 ± 0.083 | 0.688 ± 0.127 | 0.40 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.71 ± 0.15 | 0.65 ± 0.14 | 0.003 |
| BMI z score | 0.22 ± 1.07 | 0.62 ± 0.77 | 0.003 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 8.9 ± 1.6 | <0.0001 |
| CRP† (mg/dL) | 0.40 (0.07–2.62) | 0.63 (0.13–3.81) | 0.004 |
| Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio† (μg/mg) | 10 (4–53) | 9 (3–26) | 0.39 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 109 ± 8 | 113 ± 8 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 64 ± 6 | 68 ± 7 | <0.0001 |
| ACE/ARB [n (%)] | 0 | 1 (0.4) | NA |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 147 ± 27 | 158 ± 35 | 0.006 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49 ± 9 | 51 ± 10 | 0.06 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 82 ± 22 | 89 ± 27 | 0.03 |
| Triglycerides† (mg/dL) | 75 (46–134) | 76 (46–140) | 0.82 |
| Statin use [n (%)] | 0 | 4 (1.5) | NA |
Data are means ± SD unless otherwise indicated.
*Tanner stage was missing for two nondiabetic control subjects.
†Geometric mean and 10–90th percentile.