Table 2.
Comparison of adverse outcomes in rhythm control and rate control trials in patients with atrial fibrillation (adapted from Camm et al. with permission)1
| Trial | Deaths of all causes (in rate/rhythm) | Deaths from cardiovascular causes | Deaths from non-cardiovascular causes | Stroke | Thromboembolic events | Bleeding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIAF8 | 4 | 1/1 | 1a | ND | ND | ND |
| AFFIRM6 | 666 (310/356) | 167/164 | 113/165 | 77/80 | ND | 107/96 |
| RACE7 | 36 | 18/18 | ND | ND | 14/21 | 12/9 |
| STAF9 | 12 (8/4) | 8/3 | 0/1 | 1/5 | ND | 8/11 |
| HOT CAFÉ10 | 4 (1/3) | 0/2 | 1/1 | 0/3 | ND | 5/8 |
| AF-CHF11 | 228/217 | 175/182 | 53/35 | 11/9 | ND | ND |
AF, atrial fibrillation; AFFIRM, atrial fibrillation follow-up investigation of rhythm management; HOT CAFE, how to treat chronic atrial fibrillation; ND, not determined; PIAF, pharmacological intervention in atrial fibrillation; RACE, rate control versus electrical cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation; and STAF, strategies of treatment of atrial fibrillation.
aTotal number of patients not reported.