Table 1.
Zootherapeutics resources used in Ethnoveterinary medicine of Cariri microregion, Paraiba State, Brazil
| Family/Species/ Local name |
Local of citation | Number of times mentioned | Use-value (VU) | Part used and way of administration | Disease (or illness) | Animal(s) treated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INSECTA | ||||||
| Apidae | ||||||
| Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758) - Italian honey bee, "abelha italiana" | MO, SU | 3 | 0.04 | Honey (1) | Eye problems, especially blindness and inflammations | ca, eq, go, sh |
| Honey (2) | Colds in cattle | ca | ||||
| Melipona subnitida (Ducke, 1910) - jandaíra bee, "Abelha Jandaíra" | MO, SU | 3 | 0.04 | Honey (1) | Eye problems, especially blindness and inflammations | Domestic animals in general |
| Honey (2) | Colds in cattle | ca | ||||
| Partamona seridoensis Pedro & Camargo, 2003 - "abelha cupira", cupira bee | MO, SU | 35 | 0.52 | Honey (1) | Eye problems, especially blindness and inflammations; swellings, dermal inflammations, 'estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin), wounds, furunculosis, lesions | Domestic animals in general, mainly ca, go, sh, eq. |
| Honey (2) | Colds in cattle | ca | ||||
| Honey (2) | Chickens' gogo (infectious coryza, a type of cold) | ch | ||||
| 'Saburá' (3) | 'Mother's body' (uterine prolapse) | ma, co, go, sh | ||||
| Scaptotrigona sp. - "abelha canudo" | SU | 1 | 0.01 | Honey (1) | Eye problems, especially blindness and inflammations | Domestic animals in general |
| Bothriuridae | ||||||
| Bothriurus asper Pocock, 1893 - black scorpion | MO | 6 | 0.09 | Sting (4) | Dermal nodules and furunculosis | ca, go, sh |
| Buthidae | ||||||
| Rhopalurus rochai (Borelli, 1910) - "Escorpião amarelo do sertão" | MO | 7 | 0.10 | Sting (4) | Dermal nodules and furunculosis | ca, go, sh |
| Termitidae | ||||||
| Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky, 1855) - termite black | MO | 6 | 0.09 | Whole animal (2) | Chickens' gogo (infectious coryza, a type of cold) | ch, hg |
| FISHES | ||||||
| Electrophoridae | ||||||
| Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus, 1766) - electric eel | MO, SU | 2 | 0.03 | Fat (1) | Wounds | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Erythrinidae | ||||||
| Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) - Trahira, "traíra" | MO | 4 | 0.06 | Fat (1) | Lesions in eyes and hooves of cattle | ca |
| AMPHIBIANS | ||||||
| Bufonidae | ||||||
| Rhinella schneideri (Werner, 1894) - Cururu toad, "sapo cururu" LC | SU | 11 | 0.16 | Viscera (1) | 'Esponja de cavalo' (Dermal wounds brought about by infestation of larvae of Habronema muscae) | eq |
| Fat (1) | Wounds, 'estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin), lesions | Domestic animals in general | ||||
| REPTILES | ||||||
| Alligatoridae | ||||||
| Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801) - Cayman, "jacaré-do-papo-amarelo" LC | MO | 1 | 0.01 | Leather (5), fat (1) | Wounds, 'estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin) | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| "Black alligator" -Unidentified species | MO | 1 | 0.01 | Leather (5), fat (1) | Wounds, 'estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin) | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Chelidae | ||||||
| Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger, 1812) - Geoffroy's side-necked turtle, "cágado" | MO, SU | 30 | 0.45 | Fat (1) | Wounds, 'estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin), ear problems, inflammations, dermal nodules, furunculosis, burns | Some animal, mainly ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Fat (3) | 'Mother's body' (uterine prolapse) | Some livestock, mainly cattle | ||||
| Iguanidae | ||||||
| Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) - Common Green Iguana, "Camaleão | MO, SU | 9 | 0.13 | Fat (2) | Throat problems | ca |
| Fat (1) | Wounds, 'estrepes', eye problems | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq | ||||
| Teiidae | ||||||
| Tupinambis merianae (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) - Lizard teju, "tegu", "tejuaçú | MO, SU | 48 | 0.72 | Fat (1) | Burns, inflammations, wounds, 'estrepes', lesions, ear problems, throat problems, swellings, dermal nodules, furunculosis, snake bite, cracks in hooves of cattle, Eye problems, especially blindness | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Fat (2) | Sore throat | ct, do, cv | ||||
| Fat (2) | Intestinal infections, snake bite | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq | ||||
| Order Testudines | ||||||
| "Sea turtle" - Espécie não identificada | MO | 1 | 0.01 | Fat (1) | Wounds | Domestic animals in general |
| Testudinidae | ||||||
| Chelonoidis carbonaria (Spix, 1824) - Red-footed tortoise, "jabuti" | MO | 1 | 0.01 | Fat (1) | 'Estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin) | Domestic animals in general |
| Viperidae | ||||||
| Crotalus durissus Linnaeus, 1758 - South American rattlesnake, "Cascavel" | MO, SU | 44 | 0.66 | Fat (1) | Wounds, 'estrepes', lesions, dermal nodules, furunculosis, snake bite; Eye problems, especially blindness and inflammations | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Fat (6) | Rheumatism | ca, eq | ||||
| Fat (2) | Fever, throat problems | cv | ||||
| 'Maracá' (rattle) (7) | Protect the cattle against snake bites | ca | ||||
| BIRDS | ||||||
| Cariamidae | ||||||
| Cariama cristata (Linnaeus, 1766) - "sariema" LC | MO | 1 | 0.01 | Fat (1) | Swellings | Domestic animals in general |
| Cathartidae | ||||||
| Coragyps atratus (Bechstein, 1793) - Black vulture, "urubu", "urubu-preto" LC | MO | 1 | 0.01 | Feather (8) | Tick fever | ca |
| Corvidae | ||||||
| Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) - White-naped Jay, "Pássaro cancão" LC | MO, SU | 2 | 0.03 | Feather (8) | Tick fever | ca |
| Whole animal (9) | To protect livestock against 'evil eyes' | ca, eq, go, pi | ||||
| Meleagrididae | ||||||
| Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758 - turkey, "peru" | MO, SU | 8 | 0.12 | Fat (1) | 'Estrepes', lesions, wounds | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Phasianidae | ||||||
| Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) - Domestic chicken, "Galinha" | MO, SU | 8 | 0.12 | Fat (1) | Inflammations, dermal nodules, 'estrepes', furunculosis, lesions, mastitis | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Fat (2) | Throat problems | cv | ||||
| Fat (10) | "Oca" (Bovine gangrenous coryza) | ca | ||||
| Fat (6) | Rheumatism | ca, eq | ||||
| Eggs (1) | Weakness | cv | ||||
| Rheidae | ||||||
| Rhea americana (Linnaeus, 1758) - Greater rhea, "ema" NT | MO, SU | 5 | 0.07 | Fat (1) | 'Estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin), wounds, lesions, furunculosis | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Tinamidae | ||||||
| Nothura maculosa cearensis Naumburg, 1932 - Spotted Nothura, "Codorniz" LC | MO, SU | 22 | 0.33 | Feather (11, 12) | Snake bites | Domestic animals in general |
| MAMMALS | ||||||
| Agoutidae | ||||||
| Agouti paca (Linnaeus, 1766) - Spotted paca, "paca" LC | MO | 1 | 0.01 | Bile (2) | Snake bites | Domestic animals in general |
| Bovidae | ||||||
| Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 - Domestic cattle, "Vaca" | MO, SU | 16 | 0.24 | Milk (13) | To treat intestinal worms (anthelmintic) | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Milk (1) | Mastitis | co, go, sh | ||||
| Homemade butter (1) | Dermal nodules, burns, 'estrepes', inflammations, mastitis | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq | ||||
| Homemade butter (2) | Throat problems | cv | ||||
| Horn or skull (14) | To protect animals against 'evil eyes' | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq | ||||
| Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758 - "bode" | MO, SU | 6 | 0.24 | Fat (1) | Wounds | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Homemade butter (1) | Dermal inflammation | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq | ||||
| Leather (7) | To protect animals against snake bites | ca, ho, go, sh | ||||
| Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758 - Ram, sheep, "Carneiro" | MO, SU | 60 | 0.90 | Fat/Castrated ram suet (1) | Wounds, 'estrepes', lesions, bone fractures, 'junta dura' (rheumatism), dermal nodules, inflammations, swellings | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Castrated ram suet (10) | 'Oca' (Bovine gangrenous coryza) | ca | ||||
| Castrated ram suet (6) | Rheumatism | ca, ho, ma | ||||
| Fat/Castrated ram suet (15) | 'Caruara de bezerro' (omphaloarteritis) | cv | ||||
| Horn or skull (14) | To protect animals against 'evil eyes' | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq | ||||
| Leather (7) | To protect animals against snake bites | ca, go, ho, sh | ||||
| Canidae | ||||||
| Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 - Domestic dog, "cachorro" | MO | 1 | 0.01 | Head (1) | Retained placenta | co |
| Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766) - Crab-eating fox, "raposa" LC | MO, SU | 47 | 0.70 | Fat (1) | Wounds, 'estrepes', inflammations, lesions | Domestic animals in general |
| Fat (2) | Throat problems | cv | ||||
| Tail (16), Leather (16) | 'To protect animals against attacks by bats' | ca, go, sh, eq and mainly chickens | ||||
| Fat (17) | Respiratory problems | ca | ||||
| Suet (6) | 'Junta dura' (rheumatism) | ca, ho, ma | ||||
| Fat (3) | 'Mother's body' (uterine prolapse) | co | ||||
| Caviidae | ||||||
| Cavia aperea Erxleben, 1777 - "Preá" LC | MO | 1 | 0.01 | Fat (1) | Furunculosis | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Kerodon rupestris (Wied-Neuwied, 1820) - Rock cavy, "Mocó" LC | SU | 3 | 0.04 | Fat (1) | Spine problems | ca |
| Meat (2) | Weakness in dogs and cats | ct, do | ||||
| Order Cetacea | ||||||
| "Baleia" - unidentified species | SU | 1 | 0.01 | Fat (1) | Wounds, 'estrepes' | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Cervidae | ||||||
| Mazama gouazoupira (G. Fischer, 1814) - Gray brocket, "veado catingueiro" | MO | 3 | 0.04 | Horn (14) | To protect animals against 'evil eyes' | ca, eq, go, sh |
| Fat (6) | 'Junta dura' (rheumatism) | ca, eq, go, sh | ||||
| Fat (1) | Lesions | ca, eq, go, sh | ||||
| Dasypodidae | ||||||
| Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Nine-banded armadillo, "tatu galinha" LC | MO | 1 | 0.01 | Fat (1) | Wounds | Domestic animals in general |
| Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Six-banded armadillo "tatu peba" LC | MO | 1 | 0.01 | Fat (1) | Wounds | Domestic animals in general |
| Felidae | ||||||
| Leopardus tigrinus (Schreber, 1775) - Little Tiger Cat, "gato-pintado" VU | MO, SU | 11 | 0.16 | Fat (2) | Intestinal disorders | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Fat (1) | 'Estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin) | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq | ||||
| Tail (16), Leather (16) | 'To protect animals against attacks by bats' | ca, ct, do, go, sh, eq and mainly chickens | ||||
| Leather (5) | Swellings | Domestic animals in general | ||||
| Puma yagouaroundi (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803) - jaguarundi, "gato-do-mato vermelho", "gato-do-mato azul" VU | MO, SU | 14 | 0.21 | Fat (2) | Intestinal disorders | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
| Fat (1) | 'Estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin) |
ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq | ||||
| Tail (16), Leather (16) | 'To protect animals against attacks by bats' | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq | ||||
| Leather (5) | Swellings | Domestic animals in general | ||||
| Hominidae | ||||||
| Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 - human | MO | 2 | 0.03 | Urine (2) | To tame angry animals | ca, eq, go, sh |
| Mustelidae | ||||||
| Conepatus semistriatus (Boddaert, 1785) - Striped hog-nosed skunk, "cangambá", "gambambá", tacaca LC | MO, SU | 2 | 0.03 | Meat (2) | Weakness in dogs and cats | ct, do |
| Bones (18) | 'Junta dura' (rheumatism) | ca, ho, go | ||||
| Myrmecophagidae | ||||||
| Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) - Collared Anteater | SU | 8 | 0.12 | Leather (16) | 'To protect animals against attacks by bats' | ca, ct, do, go, sh, eq and mainly chickens |
| Procyonidae | ||||||
| Procyon cancrivorus (G. [Baron] Cuvier, 1798) - Crab-eating raccoon, "guaxinim" LC | SU | 3 | 0.04 | Tail (16), Leather (16) | 'To protect animals against attacks by bats' | ca, ct, do, go, sh, eq and mainly chickens |
| Suidae | ||||||
| Sus scrofa domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 - domestic pig | MO, SU | 3 | 0.04 | Fat (1) | Wounds, bone fractures, mastitis | ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq |
Study sites: MO - Monteiro, SU - Sumé. Animals treated: ca - cattle, ch - chickens, co - cow, ct - cats, cv -calves, do - dogs, eq - equines, go - goats, hg - the helmeted guineafowl, ho - horses, ma - mares, pi - pigs, sh - sheeps. IUCN Red List status: LC - Least Concern, NT - Near Threatned, VU - Vulnerable. Ways of administering the animal-based remedies: (1) topical application, (2) oral application, (3) specialized technique where the uterus, after externalize, it is moistened and 'washed' with fat or other substance considered locally as healing and then carefully set back into the animal, (4) the sting of these animals are used on dermal pits in order to have a fast inflammation, followed by a quickly heal, (5) used as plaster, (6) applied on the joints of the members, (7) the rattlesnake's maracá or a piece of leather 'blessed' by a healer is hung on the neck of the livestock, (8) used as smoker, (9) Magical use, the animal must be bred to protect against evil eye, (10) local residents usually saw the cattle horny and fill in with fats/suet or other substances considered therapeutic, (11) Toast and triturate it and the resulting powder is applied on the affected area, (12) tea of the toasted powder, (13) mixed with american wormseed (mastruz) Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and taken as drink, (14) It should be placed in the corral to protect livestock against evil eye, (15) applied on the navel of the animal, (16) Magical-religious use, the leather or animal's tail is hanging on the neck or placed in the chicken pen entrance in order to protect the animals from bats attack, (17) used as expectorant, applied on the animal snout, (18) toast and triturate it and the resulting powder is ingested with food. Note: Diseases or conditions in bold are treated the same way in humans and animals.