Table 3.
Determinants of being unable to access medication, both genders, 2004 (RLMS) logistic regression (able to access: males, n = 483; females, n = 1073)
| Unable to afford – male (n = 54) |
Unable to afford – female (n = 129) |
Other reason – male (n = 27) |
Other reason – female (n = 43) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age adjusted | Multivariatea | Age adjusted | Multivariatea | Age adjusted | Multivariatea | Age adjusted | Multivariatea | |
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–39 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 40–59 years | 3.19 (0.90–11.28) | 3.86 (0.92–16.15) | 0.94 (0.41–2.14) | 1.01 (0.41–2.50) | 1.14 (0.20–6.53) | 1.31 (0.22–7.91) | 0.62 (0.13–2.97) | 0.60 (0.10–3.57) |
| 60+ years | 6.84 (0.76–61.34) | 6.87 (0.60–78.88) | 1.00 (0.26–3.81) | 1.01 (0.24–4.20) | 2.27 (0.10–53.73) | 2.49 (0.09–69.09) | 1.49 (0.12–18.40) | 0.79 (0.04–14.32) |
| Education | ||||||||
| Higher | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Complete secondary | 2.14 (0.98–4.67) | 1.80 (0.79–4.12) | 1.46 (0.90–2.37) | 1.26 (0.75–2.10) | 1.01 (0.38–2.71) | 1.10 (0.40–3.03) | 1.60 (0.65–3.93) | 2.12 (0.78–5.76) |
| Incomplete secondary or less | 2.05 (1.00–4.22) | 1.76 (0.80–3.84) | 1.43 (0.93–2.20) | 1.41 (0.88–2.27) | 0.84 (0.31–2.27) | 0.90 (0.31–2.63) | 3.23 (1.52–6.90) | 3.40 (1.31–8.80) |
| No. hh consumer goods (0–5, per good)b | 0.67 (0.54–0.83) | 0.65 (0.50–0.85) | 0.85 (0.74–0.98) | 0.82 (0.69–0.98) | 1.34 (0.96–1.88) | 1.31 (0.89–1.94) | 0.79 (0.64–0.99) | 0.91 (0.68–1.21) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| 1–3 times a month | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1–3 times a week | 1.30 (0.59–2.87) | 0.92 (0.39–2.14) | 0.73 (0.31–1.71) | 0.75 (0.31–1.79) | 3.01 (0.79–11.45) | 3.25 (0.84–12.59) | 1.36 (0.49–3.73) | 1.48 (0.50–4.37) |
| ≥4 times a week | 0.47 (0.06–3.79) | 0.34 (0.04–2.89) | 0.79 (0.10–6.30) | 0.96 (0.12–7.98) | 7.30 (1.51–35.25) | 7.96 (1.57–40.30) | – | – |
| None | 0.91 (0.45–1.86) | 0.62 (0.29–1.35) | 1.09 (0.70–1.70) | 1.02 (0.64–1.63) | 1.67 (0.45–6.13) | 1.55 (0.40–5.95) | 1.06 (0.52–2.16) | 0.80 (0.35–1.83) |
| Current smoking (vs not) | 2.04 (1.09–3.80) | 1.45 (0.75–2.82) | 1.52 (0.85–2.70) | 1.33 (0.71–2.49) | 1.30 (0.58–2.91) | 1.55 (0.63–3.80) | 1.90 (0.89–4.06) | 1.76 (0.72–4.30) |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Single | 1.02 (0.35–2.91) | 0.78 (0.26–2.34) | 0.92 (0.46–1.87) | 0.76 (0.35–1.63) | 0.76 (0.23–2.54) | 0.92 (0.26–3.28) | 2.10 (0.76–5.80) | 1.89 (0.53–6.68) |
| Divorced | 1.45 (0.47–4.49) | 0.80 (0.24–2.70) | 1.83 (0.97–3.47) | 1.66 (0.85–3.27) | – | – | 1.96 (0.51–7.46) | 2.75 (0.63–11.97) |
| Widowed | 0.28 (0.03–2.24) | 0.26 (0.03–2.12) | 1.35 (0.81–2.28) | 1.19 (0.69–2.06) | 3.23 (0.58–18.13) | 4.17 (0.70–24.88) | 2.96 (1.02–8.56) | 2.70 (0.76–9.62) |
| Cohabiting | 1.88 (0.82–4.28) | 1.30 (0.53–3.20) | 1.38 (0.67–2.83) | 1.26 (0.58–2.72) | 0.68 (0.15–3.15) | 0.71 (0.15–3.38) | 3.00 (1.06–8.49) | 3.48 (1.03–11.70) |
| Area type | ||||||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 1.34 (0.70–2.58) | 0.91 (0.45–1.83) | 0.93 (0.60–1.45) | 0.83 (0.53–1.32) | 0.97 (0.38–2.48) | 1.20 (0.44–3.27) | 0.67 (0.29–1.55) | 0.60 (0.25–1.45) |
| Adult equiv. hh income quintile (low–high)c | 0.69 (0.55–0.87) | 0.71 (0.55–0.90) | 0.74 (0.64–0.87) | 0.76 (0.65–0.89) | 1.20 (0.90–1.59) | 1.18 (0.88–1.59) | 0.92 (0.72–1.17) | 1.04 (0.80–1.34) |
| Chronic disease | ||||||||
| None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Chronic heart/lung disease | 1.48 (0.64–3.42) | 1.63 (0.66–4.02) | 2.61 (1.25–5.46) | 3.33 (1.49–7.47) | 0.32 (0.10–1.02) | 0.34 (0.11–1.09) | 1.38 (0.51–3.74) | 1.42 (0.47–4.27) |
| Other chronic disease | 1.35 (0.60–3.03) | 1.33 (0.57–3.14) | 2.41 (1.19–4.89) | 2.89 (1.32–6.31) | 0.53 (0.22–1.31) | 0.60 (0.24–1.50) | 1.56 (0.67–3.64) | 1.45 (0.57–3.69) |
| Accommodation | ||||||||
| Owned | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rented | 4.39 (1.69–11.43) | 4.20 (1.44–12.27) | 1.57 (0.68–3.60) | 1.66 (0.71–3.89) | – | – | 0.88 (0.20–3.81) | 1.28 (0.28–5.83) |
| Dormitory | 1.75 (0.37–8.16) | 1.51 (0.32–7.27) | 2.27 (0.83–6.20) | 2.12 (0.76–5.88) | 0.88 (0.11–7.00) | 0.84 (0.10–6.94) | 1.58 (0.35–7.08) | 1.45 (0.31–6.65) |
| Lives alone | 0.62 (0.14–2.70) | 0.55 (0.09–3.27) | 1.33 (0.84–2.11) | 1.19 (0.71–1.99) | 1.56 (0.34–7.04) | 2.26 (0.33–15.72) | 1.58 (0.61–4.07) | 1.11 (0.40–3.08) |
| Self (vs Dr) treated minor illness | 0.90 (0.42–1.93) | 1.03 (0.47–2.27) | 0.98 (0.60–1.60) | 1.07 (0.65–1.75) | 2.18 (0.85–5.54) | 2.27 (0.88–5.89) | 0.88 (0.38–2.02) | 0.99 (0.41–2.37) |
| No compulsory medical insurance | 0.92 (0.21–4.09) | 0.94 (0.20–4.38) | 1.54 (0.44–5.33) | 0.62 (0.08–4.73) | 1.41 (0.31–6.39) | 1.67 (0.35–7.99) | 5.29 (1.69–16.52) | 5.69 (1.44–22.46) |
| Area of residence | ||||||||
| Metropolitan (Moscow, St Petersburg) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Central, Central Black Earth | 1.49 (0.34–6.45) | 1.81 (0.33–9.91) | 0.77 (0.39–1.52) | 0.87 (0.43–1.77) | 0.56 (0.13–2.43) | 0.57 (0.12–2.59) | 0.49 (0.16–1.49) | 0.44 (0.12–1.59) |
| North, North West | 3.93 (0.82–18.83) | 5.72 (0.96–33.99) | 0.79 (0.31–2.06) | 0.87 (0.30–2.52) | 1.36 (0.30–6.13) | 1.25 (0.26–5.96) | 0.99 (0.29–3.36) | 1.35 (0.35–5.18) |
| Volga Vaytski, Volga Basin | 2.64 (0.69–10.14) | 3.31 (0.68–16.11) | 0.90 (0.46–1.76) | 1.01 (0.50–2.04) | 0.65 (0.17–2.53) | 0.65 (0.16–2.60) | 0.60 (0.21–1.73) | 0.65 (0.20–2.08) |
| North Caucasian | 8.65 (2.42–30.95) | 12.06 (2.55–57.06) | 2.21 (1.18–4.14) | 2.78 (1.34–5.75) | 0.79 (0.18–3.44) | 0.77 (0.16–3.64) | 0.66 (0.20–2.21) | 0.75 (0.19–3.04) |
| Ural | 2.18 (0.52–9.10) | 2.47 (0.45–13.44) | 1.40 (0.74–2.66) | 1.39 (0.70–2.78) | 1.11 (0.32–3.83) | 1.13 (0.32–4.05) | 0.23 (0.05–1.07) | 0.24 (0.05–1.21) |
| Western Siberian | 3.02 (0.69–13.29) | 3.91 (0.70–21.81) | 0.77 (0.36–1.67) | 0.93 (0.41–2.09) | 0.36 (0.04–3.22) | 0.31 (0.03–2.90) | 0.71 (0.23–2.19) | 0.65 (0.17–2.41) |
| Eastern Siberian and Far Eastern | 3.24 (0.68–15.34) | 3.57 (0.60–21.26) | 0.59 (0.24–1.44) | 0.67 (0.26–1.70) | 0.86 (0.16–4.70) | 0.91 (0.15–5.41) | 1.22 (0.45–3.29) | 1.00 (0.30–3.35) |
| Employment status | ||||||||
| Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Student – school or higher education | 0.44 (0.11–1.75) | 0.39 (0.08–1.97) | 0.25 (0.07–0.89) | 0.17 (0.04–0.68) | 0.57 (0.14–2.27) | 0.32 (0.07–1.61) | 3.05 (0.95–9.82) | 1.81 (0.37–8.77) |
| Retired, not working | 1.24 (0.44–3.52) | 1.13 (0.38–3.38) | 2.07 (0.75–5.76) | 2.11 (0.74–6.04) | 0.97 (0.27–3.51) | 0.96 (0.25–3.71) | – | – |
| Disabled, not working | 1.26 (0.49–3.23) | 0.94 (0.33–2.67) | 2.26 (1.14–4.48) | 2.32 (1.11–4.83) | 0.23 (0.04–1.31) | 0.14 (0.02–0.97) | 0.84 (0.25–2.89) | 0.34 (0.08–1.47) |
| Maternity/childcare leave | – | – | 1.21 (0.50–2.91) | 0.94 (0.34–2.63) | – | – | 2.50 (0.81–7.72) | 1.50 (0.37–6.14) |
| Unemployed | 2.18 (0.85–5.63) | 2.10 (0.76–5.76) | 0.78 (0.23–2.68) | 0.81 (0.23–2.82) | 0.39 (0.05–3.02) | 0.31 (0.04–2.62) | – | – |
aMultivariate model: education, no household consumer goods, urban/rural area, age.
bHousehold consumer goods: colour TV, VCR, car, washing machine, dacha.
cAdult equivalent household income = household income/square root of number of occupants.