Table 4.
Determinants of being unable to afford medication (baseline: being able to access medication) 1994, 1998 and 2004 (RLMS)
| Males |
Females |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | 1998 | 2004 | 1994 | 1998 | 2004 | |
| Cannot afford (n) | 44 | 73 | 54 | 116 | 206 | 129 |
| Able to obtain (n) | 378 | 314 | 483 | 734 | 611 | 1073 |
| Gender (f vs m) | 1.34 (0.92–1.93) | 1.44 (1.06–1.94) | 1.01 (0.72–1.42) | |||
| Age | ||||||
| 18–39 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 40–59 years | 1.48 (0.76–2.86) | 1.03 (0.27–3.93) | 3.19 (0.90–11.28) | 0.68 (0.40–1.13) | 1.21 (0.49–2.98) | 0.94 (0.41–2.14) |
| 60+ years | 0.71 (0.23–2.19) | 3.33 (0.35–31.80) | 6.84 (0.76–61.34) | 0.94 (0.41–2.14) | 3.32 (0.75–14.57) | 1.00 (0.26–3.81) |
| Education | ||||||
| Higher | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Complete secondary | 0.98 (0.62–1.54) | 0.79 (0.34–1.80) | 2.14 (0.98–4.67) | 0.72 (0.50–1.05) | 0.73 (0.40–1.31) | 1.46 (0.90–2.37) |
| Incomplete secondary or less | 0.96 (0.63–1.44) | 0.62 (0.29–1.36) | 2.05 (1.00–4.22) | 1.41 (1.01–1.97) | 0.95 (0.55–1.65) | 1.43 (0.93–2.20) |
| No. household consumer goods (0–5, ordinal, per good)a | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 0.93 (0.74–1.18) | 0.67 (0.54–0.83) | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 0.85 (0.74–0.98) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| 1–3 times a month | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1–3 times a week | 0.71 (0.44–1.16) | 0.93 (0.30–2.92) | 1.30 (0.59–2.87) | 0.91 (0.49–1.66) | 1.98 (0.50–7.74) | 0.73 (0.31–1.71) |
| ≥4 times a week | 0.70 (0.30–1.66) | 1.67 (0.83–3.35) | 0.47 (0.06–3.79) | 0.84 (0.16–4.45) | 0.82 (0.50–1.35) | 0.79 (0.10–6.30) |
| None | 1.32 (0.88–1.98) | 1.16 (0.44–3.07) | 0.91 (0.45–1.86) | 1.00 (0.73–1.36) | 1.30 (0.57–2.94) | 1.09 (0.70–1.70) |
| Current smoking (vs not) | 1.14 (0.78–1.65) | 0.47 (0.23–0.99) | 2.04 (1.09–3.80) | 1.28 (0.77–2.13) | 1.93 (0.98–3.82) | 1.52 (0.85–2.70) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Single | (omitted, | 1.48 (0.42–5.14) | 1.02 (0.35–2.91) | (omitted, | 0.89 (0.39–2.01) | 0.92 (0.46–1.87) |
| Divorced | coding | 0.44 (0.06–3.41) | 1.45 (0.47–4.49) | coding | 1.33 (0.55–3.21) | 1.83 (0.97–3.47) |
| Widowed | difference) | 1.00 (0.22–4.57) | 0.28 (0.03–2.24) | difference) | 0.69 (0.26–1.81) | 1.35 (0.81–2.28) |
| Cohabiting | 1.84 (0.60–5.69) | 1.88 (0.82–4.28) | 1.34 (0.73–2.44) | 1.38 (0.67–2.83) | ||
| Region | ||||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 0.68 (0.29–1.58) | 0.76 (0.39–1.48) | 1.34 (0.70–2.58) | 1.20 (0.75–1.92) | 0.96 (0.66–1.41) | 0.93 (0.60–1.45) |
| Adult equivalent household income quintile (low–high)b | 0.86 (0.75–0.99) | 0.81 (0.64–1.04) | 0.69 (0.55–0.87) | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 1.16 (0.98–1.36) | 0.74 (0.64–0.87) |
| Accommodation | ||||||
| Owned | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rented | 0.55 (0.07–4.34) | 1.80 (0.45–7.29) | 4.39 (1.69–11.43) | 1.80 (0.80–4.06) | 0.96 (0.35–2.67) | 1.57 (0.68–3.60) |
| Dormitory | – | 2.12 (0.61–7.37) | 1.75 (0.37–8.16) | 1.91 (0.52–6.99) | 1.05 (0.41–2.73) | 2.27 (0.83–6.20) |
| Lives alone (vs not) | 0.95 (0.21–4.24) | 2.10 (0.87–5.07) | 0.62 (0.14–2.70) | 1.26 (0.72–2.19) | 0.84 (0.54–1.30) | 1.33 (0.84–2.11) |
| Self (vs Dr) treated minor illness | 1.72 (0.79–3.75) | 1.33 (0.62–2.87) | 0.90 (0.42–1.93) | 1.36 (0.84–2.19) | 0.97 (0.62–1.53) | 0.98 (0.60–1.60) |
| No compulsory med insurance (vs insured) | 2.41 (1.07–5.41) | 1.01 (0.55–1.85) | 0.92 (0.21–4.09) | 1.68 (1.04–2.72) | 1.09 (0.74–1.61) | 1.54 (0.44–5.33) |
| Area of residence | ||||||
| Metropolitan (Moscow, St Petersburg) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Central, Central Black Earth | 0.98 (0.27–3.50) | 1.08 (0.35–3.34) | 1.49 (0.34–6.45) | 1.07 (0.53–2.1 4) | 1.86 (0.93–3.73) | 0.77 (0.39–1.52) |
| North, North West | – | 1.77 (0.50–6.22) | 3.93 (0.82–18.83) | 0.73 (0.25–2.17) | 1.83 (0.77–4.37) | 0.79 (0.31–2.06) |
| Volga Vaytski, Volga Basin | 3.88 (1.19–12.65) | 1.17 (0.38–3.58) | 2.64 (0.69–10.14) | 1.27 (0.60–2.68) | 1.45 (0.68–3.11) | 0.90 (0.46–1.76) |
| North Caucasian | 1.61 (0.41–6.40) | 0.81 (0.23–2.81) | 8.65 (2.42–30.95) | 1.06 (0.46–2.44) | 2.58 (1.20–5.53) | 2.21 (1.18–4.14) |
| Ural | 1.75 (0.48–6.33) | 1.71 (0.53–5.48) | 2.18 (0.52–9.10) | 0.50 (0.21–1.21) | 4.01 (1.90–8.47) | 1.40 (0.74–2.66) |
| Western Siberian | 0.80 (0.14–4.65) | 1.13 (0.32–4.00) | 3.02 (0.69–13.29) | 0.89 (0.37–2.12) | 3.39 (1.57–7.32) | 0.77 (0.36–1.67) |
| Eastern Siberian and Far Eastern | 2.39 (0.59–9.64) | 1.45 (0.40–5.18) | 3.24 (0.68–15.34) | 3.25 (1.50–7.07) | 3.18 (1.48–6.86) | 0.59 (0.24–1.44) |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Full-time student | 1.83 (0.19–17.76) | 0.74 (0.18–3.01) | 0.44 (0.11–1.75) | 0.36 (0.05–2.82) | 0.40 (0.11–1.43) | 0.25 (0.07–0.89) |
| Retired, not working | 1.14 (0.30–4.36) | 2.29 (0.97–5.40) | 1.24 (0.44–3.52) | 1.52 (0.41–5.67) | 1.36 (0.59–3.10) | 2.07 (0.75–5.76) |
| Disabled, not working | 1.36 (0.46–4.03) | 1.49 (0.62–3.55) | 1.26 (0.49–3.23) | 1.10 (0.56–2.18) | 1.41 (0.81–2.42) | 2.26 (1.14–4.48) |
| Maternity/childcare leave | (omitted) | (omitted) | (omitted) | 1.71 (0.74–3.97) | 1.00 (0.46–2.15) | 1.21 (0.50–2.91) |
| Unemployed | 4.60 (1.65–12.82) | 1.00 (0.31–3.25) | 2.18 (0.85–5.63) | 0.40 (0.09–1.71) | 1.42 (0.64–3.14) | 0.78 (0.23–2.68) |
aHousehold consumer goods: colour TV, VCR, car, washing machine, dacha.
bAdult equivalent household income = household income/square root of number of occupants.