Table 2.
Baseline characteristics and bivariate logistic regression analysis related to increased fatigue.
| Baseline characteristics | Bivariate logistic regression analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deteriorated N = 38 |
Reference group* N = 204 |
OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Personal factors | ||||
| Age, mean ± SD | 56.9 ± 10.4 | 57.1 ± 10.3 | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.915 |
| Male | 63.2% | 65.2% | 1.10 (0.53–2.24) | 0.809 |
| Physically active before Stroke (yes) | 81.6% | 78.9% | 1.88 (0.63–5.63) | 0.261 |
| CIRS, mean ± SD | 6.1 ± 3.7 | 5.5 ± 2.6 | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 0.251 |
| Marital status; living with partner | 78.9% | 82.8% | 0.78 (0.33–1.84) | 0.565 |
| Stroke characteristics | ||||
| Type of stroke; ischemic | 84.2% | 80.9% | 1.26 (0.49–3.22) | 0.629 |
| Lateralization | ||||
| Right hemisphere (reference) | 42.1% | 48.0% | reference | reference |
| Left hemisphere | 1.38 (0.65–2.94) | 0.404 | ||
| Other | 1.05 (0.38–2.90) | 0.925 | ||
| Time since stroke (days) | 108.8 ± 53.9 | 94.8 ± 94.8 | 1.06 (0.999–1.01) | 0.094* |
| Previous stroke (yes) | 10.5% | 10.8% | 0.812 (0.43–1.51) | 0.513 |
| Physical functions | ||||
| MI upper limb, mean ± SD | 55.1 ± 29.3 | 61.3 ± 25.8 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.185* |
| MI lower limb, mean ± SD | 67.4 ± 21.4 | 68.1 ± 20.1 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.843 |
| SIS-strength, mean ± SD | 53.6 ± 21.3 | 51.5 ± 19.9 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.546 |
| TBT, median (range) | 3.5 (1–5) | 3 (0–5) | 0.89 (0.65–1.23) | 0.491 |
| Cognitive functions | ||||
| MMSE, mean ± SD | 28.5 ± 1.6 | 28.0 ± 1.7 | 1.21 (0.96–1.51) | 0.104* |
| SIS-memory, mean ± SD | 85.3 ± 13.9 | 81.4 ± 17.8 | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 0.194* |
| Inattention (yes) | 13.2% | 21.6% | 0.55 (0.20–1.50) | 0.242 |
| Psychological characteristics | ||||
| HADS-depression, mean ± SD | 4.6 ± 3.6 | 4.8 ± 3.4 | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 0.706 |
| HADS-anxiety, mean ± SD | 3.3 ± 2.8 | 3.8 ± 3.5 | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 0.338 |
| SIS-emotion, mean ± SD | 80.6 ± 13.4 | 82.8 ± 13.7 | 1.00 (0.97–1.01) | 0.353 |
| FES, mean ± SD | 97.1 ± 21.0 | 97.3 ± 19.2 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.955 |
| FSS, mean ± SD | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 4.4 ± 1.6 | 0.50 (0.38–0.64) | 0.000* |
| Activities and participation | ||||
| 6MWT, mean distance ± SD | 279.1 ± 132.1 | 326.6 ± 126.0 | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) | 0.037* |
| 5MTWT, mean time ± SD | 9.0 ± 6.1 | 8.1 ± 7.9 | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 0.521 |
| FAC, median (range) | 5 (4-5) | 5 (3–5) | 0.78 (0.45–1.34) | 0.361 |
| RMI, mean ± SD | 12.4 ± 1.5 | 12.5 ± 1.9 | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | 0.930 |
| NEADL, mean ± SD | 32.3 ± 10.5 | 34.0 ± 11.1 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.372 |
| SIS-mobility, mean ± SD | 79.0 ± 14.9 | 79.2 ± 14.2 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.940 |
| SIS-hand function, mean ± SD | 41.4 ± 38.7 | 45.5 ± 34.8 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.520 |
| SIS-ADL/IADL, mean ± SD | 67.1 ± 16.0 | 70.4 ± 15.2 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.238 |
| SIS-communication, mean ± SD | 83.4 ± 22.8 | 85.2 ± 18.2 | 1.00 (0.79–1.01) | 0.579 |
| SIS-participation, mean ± SD | 63.4 ± 24.3 | 67.0 ± 20.3 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.329 |
*Reference group: those with stable or decreased FSS scores; CIRS: Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, MI: Motricity Index, SIS: Stroke Impact Scale, TBT: Timed Balance Test, MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination, HADS: Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, FES: Falls Efficacy Scale, FSS: Fatigue Severity Scale, 6MWT: 6-Minute Walking Test, 5MTWT: 5-Meter Timed Walking Test, FAC: Functional Ambulation Categories, RMI: Rivermead Mobility Index, NEADL: Nottingham extended activities of daily living, CI: Confidence Interval *P value <0.2, included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis.