Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of study participants
| Men (n = 179) | Women (n = 304) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 46.6 (0.6) | 48.6 (0.5) | 0.015 |
| Height (cm) | 170 (0.5) | 157.7 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
| Body weight (kg) | 73.9 (0.9) | 63.7 (0.6) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6 (0.3) | 25.6 (0.2) | 0.896 |
| % muscle mass (%) | 30.4 (0.2) | 23.7 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
| % fat mass (%) | 25.1 (0.4) | 34.0 (0.4) | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity parameter* | |||
| Sedentary time (h/week) | 37.2 (0.9) | 29.5 (0.7) | < 0.001 |
| Low intensity activity (METs h/week) | 77.1 (1.8) | 96.4 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| MVPA (METs h/week) | 24.5 (0.8) | 25.7 (0.6) | 0.252 |
| Metabolic syndrome components | |||
| Abdominal obesity (%) | 66.7 | 43.9 | < 0.001 |
| Hyperglycemia (%) | 29.8 | 18.8 | 0.005 |
| Hypertension (%) | 54.2 | 47.7 | 0.168 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 33.5 | 14.5 | < 0.001 |
| Number of MetS components (n) | 1.9 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.1) | < 0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome | < 0.001 | ||
| Pre-MetS (%) | 18.4 | 17.8 | |
| MetS (%) | 34.6 | 16.4 | |
| MetS/pre-MetS (%) | 53.1 | 34.2 | |
| Daily nutritional intake† | |||
| Calorie intake (kcal/day) | 2126.1 (24) | 1899.1 (15.6) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 253.0 (7) | 238.6 (4.8) | 0.081 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 76.9 (1.9) | 68.6 (1.6) | 0.010 |
| Fat intake (g/day) | 60.0 (1.8) | 55.5 (1.5) | 0.058 |
| Smoker (%) | 22.3 | 5.3 | < 0.001 |
| Postmenopausal (%) | - | 52.6 | |
Values are means (SE) or percentage. *Adjusted for age, †adjusted for body weight. BMI, body mass index; METs, metabolic equivalents; MVPA, moderate-vigorous physical activity; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SE, standard error. Abdominal obesity: waist circumference ≥ 85 cm for men and ≥ 90 cm for women; hyperglycemia: blood glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL; hypertension: systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg, or treatment for previously diagnosed hypertension; dyslipidemia: triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dL and/or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level < 40 mg/dL, or specific treatment for these lipid abnormalities.