Table 1.

Main characteristics of modelling studies with GLA vs.NPH (listed in order of increasing ICER in €/QALY^a)

Author/study (year) country/perspective/time horizon (discount rate) initiator	Type of economic evaluation/methodological approach	Effect of GLA on HbA1c compared to NPH	Effect of GLA on frequency of hypoglycaemia compared to NPH	Long-term complications of diabetes	Utilities	Results for GLA compared to NPH	ICERs in €/QALYa
Brändle et al.[25]
Switzerland third party payer perspective 40 years (C 3.5%, E 3.5%) Sanofi-Aventis	CUA DES based on McEwan et al. [23] and DCCT	-0.19% points according to Mc Ewan [23]	Symptomatic: -23% Severe: -24% Nocturnal: -24% All reductions based on [7]	Reduction depending on HbA1c reduction	Reduction by: 1. hypoglycaemia 2. fear of hypoglycaemia 3. long-term consequences	IU: 0.238 QALYs more IC: CHF 1,476 less ICER: GLA dominant	dominant
McEwan et al. [23] Scenario 5
UK NHS 40 years (C 3.5%, E 3.5%) Sanofi-Aventis	CUA DES based on DCCT	-0.45% pointsb	-	Reduction depending on HbA1c reduction	Reduction by: 1. long-term consequences	IU: 0.12 to 0.34 QALYs more IC: £ 1,043 to £ 1,371 more ICER: £ 1,096/QALY	€ 3,859
Warren et al. [24]
UK NHS 9 years ( C 3.5%, E 3.5%) NICE	CUA ScHARR Model	Only in sensitivity analysis: -0.14% points [33]	Symptomatic: -42% [35] Severe: -52% [35]	In sensitivity analysis reduction depending on HbA1c reduction	Reduction by: 1. hypoglycaemia 2. fear of hypoglycaemia 3. long-term consequences only in sensitivity analysis	IU: n/a IC: £ 573 to £ 816 more ICER: £ 3,496 to £ 4,978 per QALY	€ 4,073 to € 5,800
McEwan et al. [23] Scenario 1-3
UK NHS 40 years (C 3.5%, E 3.5%) Sanofi-Aventis	CUA DES based on DCCT	-	Severe: -25 to -28%b Nocturnal: -17 to -22%b	-	Reduction by: 1. hypoglycaemia 2. fear of hypoglycaemia	IU: 0.12 to 0.34 QALYs IC: £ 1,043 to £ 1,371 more ICER: £ 8,807 to £ 7,391 per QALY	€ 8,943 to € 10,656
McEwan et al. [23] Scenario 4
UK NHS 40 years (C 3.5%, E 3.5%) Sanofi-Aventis	CUA DES based on DCCT	-0.19% pointsb	-	Reduction depending on HbA1c reduction	Reduction by: 1. long-term consequences	IU: 0.12 to 0.34 QALYs more IC: about £ 1,043 to £ 1,371 more ICER: £ 1,096/QALY	€ 11,818
Grima et al. [22]
Canada Canadian health ministry 36 years (C 5%, E 5%) Sanofi-Aventis	CUA State Transition Model based on UKPDS and DCCT	-0.4% points [34]	-	Reduction depending on HbA1c reduction	Reduction by: 1. long-term consequences	IU: 0.08 QALYs more IC: CAN$ 1,398 more ICER: CAN$ 20,799/QALY	€ 13,364
Warren et al. [20]
UK NHS 9 years (C 3.5%, E 3.5%) NICE	CUA ScHARR Model	Only in sensitivity analysis: -0.14% points [33]	Symptomatic: -19% [20] Severe: -52% [35]	Reduction depending on HbA1c reduction	Reduction by: 1. hypoglycaemia 2. fear of hypoglycaemia 3. long-term consequences only in sensitivity analysis	IU: n/a IC: £ 962 more ICER: £ 32,244/QALY	€ 37,567
Cameron et al. [21]
Canada Canadian health ministry 60 years (C 5%, E 5%) CADTH	CUA based on CORE-Model	-0.11% points [5]	Moderate: -18% [5] Severe: -18% [5]	Reduction depending on HbA1c reduction	Reduction by: 1. hypoglycaemia 2. fear of hypoglycaemia only in sensitivity analysis 3. long-term consequences	IU: 0.039 QALYs more IC: CAN$ 3,423 more ICER: CAN$ 87,932/QALY	€ 57,002

Legends: C = costs, E = effects, UK = United Kingdom, CADTH = Canadian Agency, CUA = Cost-Utility-Analysis, QALY = quality adjusted life-year, CORE = Centre for Outcomes Research, DES = discrete event simulation, NICE = National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, NHS = National Health Service, IU = incremental utilities, IC = incremental costs, ICER = incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, n/a = not applicable, ScHARR = School of Health and Related Research (University of Sheffield).

^aCurrencies transformed into Euro values via purchasing power parities (PPP), ^bunpublished material