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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Jun 25;1810(11):1059–1065. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.04.019

Figure 3. Possible mechanisms by which allergenic proteinases may induce allergic responses through Toll like receptors.

Figure 3

Similar to insect host defense reactions involving Toll, allergenic proteinases may induce enzymatic cascades leading to a common cleavage product that is capable of binding to one or more Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and initiating essential allergic immune responses such as TH2 differentiation and IgE secretion (Model 1). Alternatively, allergenic proteinases may cleave and directly activate distinct immune receptors such as CD23, CD25, and PAR2 to induce allergic responses (Model 2).