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Scheme of betalain biosynthesis in hairy root culture. Enzymatically catalyzed steps: E IA, hydroxylating activity of tyrosinase; E IB, oxidizing activity of tyrosinase; E II, Dopa dioxygenase; E III, Dopa decarboxylase; E IV, glucosyltransferase. Spontaneous steps: V, cyclization reactions; and VI, condensation reactions (aldimine formation). Compound numbers of this scheme correspond to peak numbers in Figures 2, 6, 7, and 9.
