Figure 1.

DMF therapy induces Th2 responses in human CD4⁺ T cells in vivo and human type II DCs. (A) CD4⁺ T were isolated from patients with psoriasis treated with either DMF or placebo at the indicated time of therapy and treated with PMA and ionomycin. IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ were assessed by intracellular flow cytometry. Each data point represents an individual patient sample (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01). Horizontal bars represent the mean. (B) Quantification of intracellular GSH content of DCs treated with DMSO, 70 µM DMF, or 70 µM DMF and 1 mM GSH-OEt. Results are pooled data from four human donors (mean ± SEM; **, P < 0.01). (C–E) Human DCs were incubated with DMSO, 70 µM DMF, or DMF + 1 mM GSH-OEt and then treated with LPS for 18 h. IL-12, IL-23, or IL-10 production was determined by ELISA. Data were pooled from three donors (mean ± SEM; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01).