Table 2.
Association of total energy and macronutrient intake with all-cause (N = 525) and breast cancer (N = 137) survival, CWLS
| Macronutrient intake (quintiles) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P-trend | |
| Total energy (kcal)a | 1,077 | 1,400 | 1,649 | 1,935 | 2,407 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.78 (0.60–1.02) | 0.86 (0.66–1.11) | 0.78 (0.59–1.02) | 0.89 (0.68–1.15) | 0.33 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.91 (0.53–1.57) | 0.89 (0.51–1.54) | 0.94 (0.55–1.60) | 1.02 (0.61–1.71) | 0.89 |
| Total fat (% kcal)a | 23 | 27 | 30 | 34 | 39 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.11 (0.84–1.47) | 1.00 (0.76–1.33) | 1.02 (0.78–1.35) | 1.05 (0.79–1.39) | 0.98 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.11 (0.65–1.91) | 1.00 (0.58–1.73) | 0.76 (0.43–1.35) | 0.92 (0.53–1.60) | 0.39 |
| Saturated fat (% kcal)a | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 13 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.06 (0.79–1.41) | 1.25 (0.94–1.65) | 1.05 (0.78–1.40) | 1.41 (1.06–1.87) | 0.03 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.56 (0.88–2.74) | 1.32 (0.74–2.37) | 1.01 (0.55–1.87) | 1.55 (0.88–2.75) | 0.50 |
| Trans fat (% kcal)a | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.10 (0.82–1.49) | 1.14 (0.85–1.53) | 1.21 (0.90–1.62) | 1.78 (1.35–2.32) | 0.01 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.27 (0.72–2.23) | 1.25 (0.71–2.18) | 1.19 (0.66–2.13) | 1.42 (0.80–2.52) | 0.34 |
| Monounsaturated fat (% kcal)a | 8 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 15 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.27 (0.97–1.68) | 1.27 (0.96–1.67) | 0.95 (0.71–1.28) | 1.14 (0.86–1.52) | 0.93 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.58 (0.93–2.71) | 1.10 (0.62–1.94) | 1.06 (0.59–1.89) | 0.89 (0.49–1.60) | 0.25 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (% kcal)a | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 8 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.00 (0.77–1.32) | 0.81 (0.61–1.07) | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 0.91 (0.70–1.19) | 0.41 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.28 (0.76–2.17) | 1.00 (0.58–1.73) | 0.89 (0.51–1.57) | 0.90 (0.52–1.55) | 0.33 |
| Carbohydrates (% kcal)a | 42 | 49 | 53 | 57 | 63 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.07 (0.80–1.41) | 1.00 (0.75–1.33) | 1.06 (0.79–1.42) | 0.97 (0.72–1.30) | 0.80 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.81 (0.47–1.37) | 0.80 (0.47–1.35) | 1.08 (0.64–1.81) | 0.93 (0.54–1.62) | 0.87 |
| Protein (% kcal)a | 13 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 21 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.93 (0.72–1.20) | 0.89 (0.68–1.16) | 1.09 (0.84–1.42) | 0.98 (0.73–1.31) | 0.72 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.37 (0.77–2.42) | 1.36 (0.77–2.42) | 1.60 (0.91–2.80) | 1.19 (0.66–2.14) | 0.49 |
| Alcohol (% kcal)a | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 4.9 | 15.0 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.99 (0.77–1.27) | 0.83 (0.65–1.07) | 0.68 (0.51–0.90) | 0.78 (0.60–1.01) | 0.01 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.88 (0.50–1.55) | 1.21 (0.74–2.01) | 0.81 (0.46–1.44) | 1.27 (0.76–2.14) | 0.50 |
a
Median within each quintile.
b
Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) adjusted for factors at diagnosis (age, state of residence, menopausal status, smoking, breast cancer stage, alcohol, history of hormone replacement therapy), interval between diagnosis and diet assessment, and factors at follow-up (energy intake, breast cancer treatment, body mass index, and physical activity).