Table 3.
Association of micronutrient intake with all-cause (N = 525) and breast cancer (N = 137) survival, CWLS
| Micronutrient intake (quintiles) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P-trend | |
| Vitamin A (IU/d)a | 4816 | 8070 | 10939 | 14453 | 21857 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.97 (0.75–1.27) | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) | 1.05 (0.79–1.40) | 1.12 (0.84–1.50) | 0.38 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.40 (0.82–2.40) | 1.19 (0.67–2.12) | 1.18 (0.66–2.12) | 1.24 (0.68–2.24) | 0.74 |
| Carotenoids | ||||||
| α-Carotene (µg/d)a | 206 | 406 | 582 | 864 | 1752 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.10 (0.85–1.42) | 0.97 (0.74–1.29) | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) | 1.08 (0.81–1.43) | 0.98 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.93 (0.57–1.50) | 0.63 (0.36–1.09) | 0.54 (0.30–0.99) | 0.98 (0.59–1.64) | 0.43 |
| β-Carotene (µg/d)a | 1610 | 2549 | 3644 | 5156 | 8570 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.98 (0.75–1.28) | 1.25 (0.95–1.64) | 1.05 (0.79–1.40) | 1.17 (0.88–1.57) | 0.25 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.06 (0.63–1.81) | 1.00 (0.58–1.73) | 0.93 (0.52–1.65) | 1.05 (0.60–1.86) | 0.97 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin (µg/d)a | 45 | 99 | 170 | 228 | 329 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.06 (0.79–1.41) | 1.18 (0.89–1.56) | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) | 1.25 (0.93–1.68) | 0.11 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.56 (0.32–1.00) | 1.22 (0.75–1.99) | 0.77 (0.44–1.34) | 0.81 (0.45–1.45) | 0.82 |
| Lutein/Zeaxanthin (µg/d)a | 995 | 1543 | 2174 | 2950 | 4591 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.99 (0.75–1.30) | 0.98 (0.74–1.29) | 1.31 (0.99–1.74) | 1.05 (0.77–1.43) | 0.26 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.25 (0.71–2.21) | 0.99 (0.54–1.81) | 1.38 (0.78–2.46) | 1.16 (0.62–2.19) | 0.56 |
| Lycopene (µg/d)a | 2102 | 3908 | 4734 | 6222 | 11479 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.93 (0.72–1.21) | 1.08 (0.83–1.41) | 0.98 (0.73–1.31) | 1.11 (0.83–1.47) | 0.47 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.72 (0.39–1.34) | 1.08 (0.61–1.91) | 0.89 (0.49–1.63) | 1.42 (0.80–2.50) | 0.11 |
| Fiber (g/d)a | 11 | 15 | 19 | 23 | 30 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.00 (0.77–1.32) | 0.79 (0.58–1.08) | 0.96 (0.69–1.32) | 0.75 (0.52–1.09) | 0.17 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.92 (0.55–1.56) | 0.65 (0.35–1.18) | 0.62 (0.33–1.17) | 0.75 (0.38–1.49) | 0.24 |
| Whole grains (g/d) | 7 | 16 | 26 | 37 | 57 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.03 (0.79–1.33) | 1.05 (0.80–1.37) | 0.98 (0.74–1.30) | 0.79 (0.59–1.08) | 0.20 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.96 (0.58–1.60) | 1.16 (0.70–1.92) | 0.66 (0.37–1.20) | 0.83 (0.46–1.48) | 0.30 |
| Calcium (mg/d)a | 622 | 947 | 1302 | 1735 | 4108 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.81 (0.62–1.05) | 0.98 (0.75–1.28) | 0.96 (0.73–1.27) | 0.74 (0.53–1.02) | 0.32 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 0.80 (0.48–1.34) | 0.84 (0.50–1.44) | 0.70 (0.40–1.23) | 0.59 (0.32–1.08) | 0.09 |
| Vitamin D (mg/d)a | 81 | 190 | 438 | 558 | 826 | |
| All-cause survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.02 (0.79–1.32) | 0.87 (0.66–1.14) | 1.00 (0.77–1.33) | 0.86 (0.64–1.16) | 0.35 |
| Breast cancer survival HR (95% CI)b | Ref | 1.03 (0.60–1.76) | 0.96 (0.55–1.66) | 1.08 (0.63–1.86) | 1.02 (0.58–1.79) | 0.90 |
a
Median intake within each quintile. Includes intake from diet and supplements.
b
Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) adjusted for factors at diagnosis (age, state of residence, menopausal status, smoking, breast cancer stage, alcohol, history of hormone replacement therapy), interval between diagnosis and diet assessment, and factors at follow-up (energy intake, breast cancer treatment, body mass index, and physical activity).