Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants reporting at least monthly urinary incontinence in 2000 (NHS) or 2001 (NHSII)a
| Variable | NHS
|
NHSII
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asian (n=164) | Black (n=204) | White (n=27,479) | Asian (n=244) | Black (n=282) | White (n=29,527) | |
| Age, years | 67.2 (6.3) | 67.6 (6.6) | 66.6 (7.1) | 46.6 (4.5) | 47.4 (4.1) | 46.7 (4.6) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 b | 24.4 (3.9) | 30.1 (6.2) | 27.6 (5.7) | 24.1 (4.0) | 31.3 (8.3) | 28.0 (6.8) |
| Physical activity, MET-hrs/wk | 18.3 (17.8) | 13.4 (13.3) | 16.4 (15.1) | 17.6 (19.5) | 17.3 (18.7) | 19.4 (19.0) |
| Parity | ||||||
| 0 | 10 (6.1) | 13 (6.4) | 1,321 (4.8) | 48 (19.7) | 61 (21.6) | 4,673 (15.8) |
| 1–2 | 67 (40.9) | 106 (52.0) | 9,043 (32.9) | 140 (57.4) | 143 (50.7) | 16,076 (54.5) |
| 3+ | 85 (51.8) | 79 (38.7) | 16,750 (61.0) | 50 (20.5) | 72 (25.5) | 8,224 (27.9) |
| Missing | 2 (1.2) | 6 (2.9) | 365 (1.3) | 6 (2.5) | 6 (2.1) | 554 (1.9) |
| Hysterectomy | 72 (43.9) | 118 (57.8) | 13,000 (47.3) | 31 (12.7) | 93 (33.0) | 5,937 (20.1) |
| Premenopausal | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 298 (1.1) | 176 (72.1) | 183 (64.9) | 20,127 (68.2) |
| Postmenopausal hormone usec | ||||||
| Never | 23 (14.0) | 49 (24.1) | 5,174 (19.0) | 17 (25.0) | 15 (15.2) | 1,453 (15.5) |
| Past | 49 (29.9) | 62 (30.5) | 7,321 (26.9) | 5 (7.4) | 16 (16.2) | 1,732 (18.4) |
| Current | 89 (54.3) | 71 (35.0) | 13,474 (49.6) | 40 (58.8) | 58 (58.6) | 5,985 (63.7) |
| Missing | 3 (1.8) | 21 (10.3) | 1,212 (4.5) | 6 (8.8) | 10 (10.1) | 230 (2.5) |
| Cigarette smoking | ||||||
| Never | 106 (64.6) | 105 (51.5) | 12,186 (44.4) | 208 (85.3) | 192 (68.1) | 18,891 (64.0) |
| Past | 56 (34.2) | 89 (43.6) | 13,152 (47.9) | 27 (11.1) | 63 (22.3) | 8,088 (27.4) |
| Current | 2 (1.2) | 10 (4.9) | 2,141 (7.8) | 9 (3.7) | 27 (9.6) | 2,548 (8.6) |
| Diabetes | 18 (11.0) | 32 (15.7) | 2,768 (10.1) | 10 (4.1) | 19 (6.7) | 1,019 (3.5) |
| High blood pressure | 87 (53.1) | 155 (76.0) | 14,668 (53.4) | 64 (26.2) | 128 (45.4) | 6,214 (21.1) |
| Major neurologic diseased | 5 (3.1) | 7 (3.4) | 1,044 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (2.1) | 652 (2.2) |
| Functional limitations | 8 (4.9) | 21 (10.3) | 2,528 (9.2) | 4 (1.6) | 17 (6.0) | 968 (3.3) |
| Medication usee | 50 (30.5) | 97 (47.6) | 9,041 (32.9) | 23 (9.4) | 82 (29.1) | 3,578 (12.1) |
MET, metabolic equivalent
a
Values are mean (SD) or no. (%)
b
BMI is missing for 70 women in the NHS (1 black, 68 white) and 198 women in the NHSII (1 Asian, 182 white)
c
Calculated among postmenopausal women only
d
Major neurologic disease includes stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease
e
Medications that may worsen UI, including thiazides, furosemide, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors