TABLE 2.

Relationship of socioeconomic factors and distance to any hospital or high-volume hospital

Characteristic	Distance to nearest hospital (miles), median	Distance to nearest high- volume hospital (miles), mediana	P
Demographic
Race
White	3.4	20.2	0.07
Black	2.2	10.1
Hispanic	2.6	18.2
Other	2.5	15.4
Marital status
Married	2.9	17.7	0.02
Not married	3.7	21.6
Population density
Urban	2.8	12.9	<0.0001
Suburban	4.4	44.4
Rural	5.1	150.6
Socioeconomic status
Total household annual income (median)
$0–14,999	3.2	22.0	0.02
$15–34,999	3.3	22.6
$35,000–74,999	3.3	20.1
$75,000+	3.4	15.0
Missing	3.2	16.7
Education
Eighth grade or less	3.8	33.9	0.03
Some high school	3.3	16.7
High school diploma or GED	3.6	21.6
Vocational school or some college	3.5	21.0
Four-year college degree	2.9	17.3
Professional or graduate school	2.9	15.0
Missing	2.7	17.0
Medicaid
No	3.3	19.5	0.47
Yes	2.7	22.0
Any other insurance besides medicare?
No	3.4	23.4	0.04
Yes	3.3	19.6
Missing	2.8	17.0
Summary emotional support scale, lowest quartile
No	3.3	19.6	0.60
Yes	3.1	19.8
Missing	3.4	19.0
Summary tangible support scale, lowest quartile
No	3.4	21.1	0.006
Yes	3.0	16.7
Missing	3.1	18.9
Clinical
SEER stageb
0	3.1	17.3	0.56
1	3.2	19.3
2	5.2	27.5
3	3.2	18.2
4	3.0	15.6
5	5.8	19.3
Missing	3.8	42.1
Comorbidity index
None	3.3	18.7	0.74
Medium	3.4	20.9
High	2.7	19.2
Missing	3.5	20.1

^aHigh volume is defined as ≥40 cases annually

^bFor SEER stage, 0 in situ, 1 localized, 2 regional, direct extension, 3 regional, regional lymph nodes only, 4 regional, direct extension and regional lymph nodes, 5 regional, NOS, 6 missing, 7 distant