Table 1.

Issues in implementing pharmacogenomics in practice

Discovery

Identifying the contribution of genetic variants to drug outcomes

Establishing interactions among genes and between genes and the environment

Translation

Establishing which genetic variants should be used in which settings

Implementation

Education

Patients

Healthcare providers

Genotyping

At the point of care or preemptively

Assay quality

Decision support

Developing rules

Deploying advice in an electronic medical record environment

Analyzing outcomes

Population and individual health

Balancing costs and benefits