Table 2.
Prior urinary tract surgery or trauma |
Gross hematuria after resolution of infection |
Previous bladder or renal calculi |
Obstructive symptoms (straining, weak stream, intermittency, hesitancy), low uroflowmetry or high PVR |
Urea-splitting bacteria on culture (e.g., Proteus, Yersinia) |
Bacterial persistence after sensitivity-based therapy |
Prior abdominopelvic malignancy |
Diabetes or otherwise immunocompromised |
Pneumaturia, fecaluria, anaerobic bacteria or a history of diverticulitis |
Repeated pyelonephritis (fevers, chills, vomiting, CVA tenderness) |
Asymptomic microhematuria after resolution of infection should be evaluated as per CUA guidelines25 |
PVR: post-void residual CVA: costovertebral angle; CUA: Canadian Urological Association.