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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Neurol. 2011 Oct;10(10):922–930. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70187-9

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Flow chart of status epilepticus treatment*. Increasing refractoriness is illustrated by the background color intensity; the non-sedating agents are green, anesthetics in orange to red, and other options in yellow or white. First-line treatment is light green, second-line darker green, and third line light and darker orange. Other options are given in red, yellow and blue.

*Great caution is required for valproate in children under 2 years (hepatic toxicity), and propofol in young children (propofol infusion syndrome). In this setting, benzodiazepines, phenytoin and barbiturates represent the most widely used options.

CLZ: clonazepam; ECT: electroconvulsive treatment; KD: ketogenic diet; LCM: lacosamide; LEV: levetiracetam; LZP: lorazepam; MDZ: midazolam; PGB: pregabaline; PHT: phenytoin; PRO: propofol; PTB: pentobarbital; rTMS: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; SE: status epilepticus; THP: thiopental; TPM: topiramate; VNS: vagus nerve stimulation; VPA: valproate.