Table 2.

Apparent permeability coefficients (P_app) for lucifer yellow, rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid and extracts across the Caco-2 monolayer.

	Papp (cm/s ×10−6) before deconjugation	Papp (cm/s ×10−6) after deconjugation c
LY	0.3 ± 0.1	--
RAa	0.2 ± 0.0	0.9 ± 0.2†
RA in P. vulgaris 27664	0.2 ± 0.0	1.0± 0.4†
RA in P. vulgaris 27665	0.2 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.1†
RA in P. vulgaris 27748	0.1± 0.1	0.9± 0.1†
UAb	2.8 ± 0.1*	2.4 ± 0.4*
UA in S. officinalis	2.5 ± 0.4*	2.2 ± 0.6*

^aRA was 10 μM for pure compound and P. vulgaris extracts containing the same content of RA.

^bP_app of UA as a pure compound and in S. officinalis extract was calculated using non-toxic concentrations (5, 10 and 20 μM).

^cThe P_app of rosmarinic and ursolic acids after treating with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase.

^*Significantly greater compared with P_app of LY and RA (p < 0.01).

^†Significantly different before and after deconjugation (p < 0.01).

--: not determined