. 2011 Oct 23;2011:263170. doi: 10.4061/2011/263170

Table 4.

Parameters of lying to standing test, deep breathing test, and isometric handgrip test of normotensive and prehypertensive offspring of hypertensive parents.

Parameters	Normotensive offspring		Prehypertensive offspring		P values
	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV
	(n = 45)	(n = 68)	(n = 32)	(n = 20)
Lying to standing test
30 : 15 Ratio	1.20 ± 0.15	1.13 ± 0.19	1.32 ± 0.25*,^###	1.26 ± 0.20^#	<0.0001
ΔHR_max	34.20 ± 6.10	30.80 ± 6.26*	46.50 ± 8.70***,^###	39.32 ± 5.84*,^###,^††	<0.0001
ΔHR_2min	8.30 ± 2.40	7.20 ± 2.70	12.40 ± 3.10***,^###	9.82 ± 2.50^##,^††	<0.0001
ΔSBP_max	9.45 ± 2.30	8.34 ± 2.86	13.20 ± 3.10***,^###	10.32 ± 2.40^##,^†	<0.0001
ΔSBP_2min	5.36 ± 2.42	3.74 ± 1.46***	9.30 ± 2.50***,^###	6.50 ± 2.08^###,^†††	<0.0001
ΔDBP_max	7.90 ± 2.60	7.24 ± 2.50	10.78 ± 3.50***,^###	8.20 ± 2.10^##	<0.0001
ΔDBP_2min	3.86 ± 2.30	3.60 ± 1.20	6.34 ± 2.20***,^###	4.80 ± 1.66^†	<0.0001
Deep breathing test
E : I Ratio	1.27 ± 0.20	1.35 ± 0.29	1.12 ± 0.16*,^###	1.19 ± 0.18^#	<0.0001
Isometric handgrip test
ΔDBP_IHG	28.50 ± 5.60	23.40 ± 5.20***	41.10 ± 6.60***,^###	30.35 ± 5.80***,^###,^†††	<0.0001

Data presented are mean ± SD; Group I: normotensive offspring of both parents hypertensive; Group II: normotensive offspring of one parent hypertensive; Group III: prehypertensive offspring of both parents hypertensive; Group IV: prehypertensive offspring of one parent hypertensive; 30 : 15 ratio: ratio of maximum RR interval at 30th beat to minimum RR interval at 15th beat following standing from supine position; ΔHR_max: maximum rise in heart rate (HR) from supine HR following standing; ΔHR_2min: maintained increase in HR after attaining steady state at 2 minutes from supine HR level following standing; ΔSBP_max: maximum rise in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from supine SBP following standing; ΔSBP_2min: maintained increase in SBP after attaining steady state at 2 minutes from supine SBP level following standing; ΔDBP_max: maximum rise in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) from supine DBP following standing; ΔDBP_2min: maintained increase in DBP after attaining steady state at 2 minutes from supine DBP level following standing; E : I Ratio: ratio of maximum RR interval during expiration to minimum RR interval during inspiration following deep breathing; ΔDBP_IHG: maximum rise in diastolic BP above baseline following sustained handgrip; the *mark indicates comparison with group I, the ^#mark indicates comparison with group II and the ^†mark indicates comparison with Group III. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ^# P < 0.05; ^## P < 0.01; ^### P < 0.001; ^† P < 0.05; ^†† P < 0.01; ^††† P < 0.001.