Table 5.
Associations between maternal thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy (27 weeks' gestation) and child neurodevelopment at 5 years of age.1
| Free T4 | Total T4 | TSH2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) | |
| Performance IQ | ||||||
| WPPSI3 | −4.12 | (−13.73, 5.49) | 0.03 | (−1.35, 1.41) | −2.26 | (−5.27, 0.74) |
|
| ||||||
| Motor Development | ||||||
| WRAVMA4 | ||||||
| Pegboard-Dominant | −3.76 | (−15.45, 7.93) | −0.97 | (−2.64, 0.70) | 0.51 | (−3.12, 4.15) |
| Pegboard-Nondominant | −4.21 | (−16.03, 7.61) | −1.55 | (−3.23, 0.13) | 0.02 | (−3.65, 3.68) |
| McCarthy | ||||||
| Draw-a-Child | −5.98 | (−16.74, 4.77) | 0.10 | (−1.44, 1.63) | 0.06 | (−3.27, 3.39) |
| Gross Motor-Leg | −0.14 | (−1.60, 1.32) | 0.00 | (−0.22, 0.22) | 0.16 | (−0.31, 0.63) |
| Gross Motor-Arm | 0.08 | (−1.51, 1.66) | −0.04 | (−0.27, 0.19) | 0.04 | (−0.45, 0.53) |
|
| ||||||
| Language Development | ||||||
| WPPSI3 Vocabulary | −0.21 | (−1.98, 1.57) | −0.22 | (−0.47, 0.03) | −0.37 | (−0.92, 0.19) |
| PPVT5 | −2.71 | (−14.18, 8.77) | −0.89 | (−2.54, 0.76) | −1.05 | (−4.66, 2.57) |
|
| ||||||
| Memory | ||||||
| McCarthy | ||||||
| Words and Sentences | 0.10 | (−11.32, 11.52) | −0.55 | (−2.17, 1.07) | −1.44 | (−4.97, 2.09) |
| Digit Span Forward | 4.06 | (−4.72, 12.83) | 0.77 | (−0.46, 2.00) | −1.83 | (−4.51, 0.86) |
| Digit Span Backward | 4.43 | (−2.55, 11.42) | −0.10 | (−1.13, 0.94) | −0.38 | (−2.63, 1.87) |
|
| ||||||
| School Readiness | ||||||
| Woodcock-Johnson/Muñoz | ||||||
| Letter-Word | −1.86 | (−9.33, 5.60) | 0.21 | (−0.88, 1.31) | 1.43 | (−0.94, 3.80) |
| Applied Problems | −3.82 | (−14.06, 6.42) | −0.51 | (−2.01, 1.00) | −1.48 | (−4.74, 1.78) |
|
| ||||||
| Attention | ||||||
| CBCL6 | ||||||
| ADHD7 | −0.10 | (−2.03, 1.82) | 0.00 | (−0.28, 0.27) | −0.65 | (−1.26, −0.04)* |
| KCPT8 | ||||||
| ADHD7 Confidence Index | 7.52 | (−4.86, 19.91) | 0.09 | (−1.70, 1.87) | −0.75 | (−4.61, 3.12) |
*P < 0.05.
1Models adjusted for maternal age, income, employment status at 6 months, country of birth, Diet Quality Index, delivery complications, PPVT score; child 5-minute APGAR, hospitalization at 1 year; number of children in home at 1 and 2 years, home density at 2 years, family structure at 1 year; season of assessment.
2Since TSH was expressed on a log2 basis, β are equal to the change in neurodevelopmental outcomes for a doubling in TSH levels.
3Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.
4Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Ability.
5Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test.
6Child Behavior Checklist.
7Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
8Kiddie Continuous Performance Test.