Table 2.
Adjusted Mean QT Interval (ms), by Quartile of Hormone Level, Among Men, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991
| No. of Men in Quartile | Unadjusted Model |
Model 1a |
Model 2b |
Model 3c |
|||||
| Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | ||
| Total testosterone, ng/mL | |||||||||
| <3.7 | 203 | 408.9 | 402.7, 415.2 | 407.6 | 403.5, 411.7 | 409.2 | 404.7, 413.7 | 408.9 | 403.4, 414.4 |
| 3.7–4.7 | 170 | 395.1 | 390.0, 400.3 | 401.0 | 398.1, 403.9 | 401.6 | 397.9, 405.2 | 401.5 | 397.3, 405.7 |
| 4.8–5.9 | 171 | 401.6 | 394.3, 408.8 | 400.7 | 397.0, 404.4 | 400.6 | 395.7, 405.5 | 400.3 | 395.4, 405.1 |
| ≥6.0 | 183 | 405.0 | 400.1, 410.0 | 401.5 | 399.0, 404.0 | 401.2 | 398.3, 404.1 | 400.4 | 397.0, 403.9 |
| P for trend | 0.85 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | |||||
| Free testosterone, ng/mL | |||||||||
| <0.084 | 236 | 410.3 | 405.4, 415.1 | 408.2 | 403.9, 412.5 | 409.3 | 405.0, 413.6 | 408.7 | 404.0, 413.4 |
| 0.084–0.102 | 161 | 398.4 | 394.4, 402.3 | 400.4 | 397.3, 403.5 | 400.9 | 397.3, 404.5 | 400.6 | 396.7, 404.4 |
| 0.103–0.127 | 173 | 401.0 | 397.5, 404.5 | 400.5 | 397.2, 403.7 | 401.3 | 396.9, 405.6 | 401.2 | 396.7, 405.6 |
| ≥0.128 | 157 | 401.1 | 395.9, 406.2 | 401.6 | 398.4, 404.8 | 401.2 | 397.8, 404.6 | 400.7 | 397.2, 404.2 |
| P for trend | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.003 | 0.01 | |||||
| Total estradiol, pg/mL | |||||||||
| <29.3 | 190 | 409.1 | 403.5, 414.6 | 406.9 | 403.4, 410.3 | 408.3 | 404.1, 412.5 | 408.3 | 404.0, 412.7 |
| 29.3–34.0 | 156 | 399.6 | 392.7, 406.6 | 399.6 | 395.2, 404.1 | 399.8 | 394.4, 405.1 | 399.2 | 393.9, 404.6 |
| 34.1–40.9 | 185 | 402.2 | 395.1, 409.3 | 401.3 | 398.3, 404.2 | 402.0 | 398.8, 405.2 | 401.6 | 397.9, 405.3 |
| ≥41.0 | 195 | 399.9 | 394.4, 405.3 | 402.9 | 399.2, 406.7 | 402.9 | 398.7, 407.2 | 402.4 | 397.7, 407.0 |
| P for trend | 0.15 | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.30 | |||||
| Sex hormone-binding globulin, nmol/L | |||||||||
| <27.5 | 145 | 397.9 | 391.0, 404.8 | 403.6 | 400.2, 407.0 | 403.6 | 399.9, 407.4 | 403.2 | 398.5, 407.8 |
| 27.5–38.7 | 170 | 401.2 | 395.8, 406.6 | 403.4 | 399.2, 407.5 | 404.7 | 400.2, 409.1 | 405.0 | 400.2, 409.7 |
| 38.8–52.7 | 192 | 403.3 | 398.7, 408.0 | 400.6 | 397.9, 403.4 | 401.3 | 397.4, 405.2 | 400.7 | 396.7, 404.8 |
| ≥52.8 | 220 | 408.1 | 401.9, 414.2 | 403.0 | 400.5, 405.6 | 403.3 | 400.0, 406.5 | 402.4 | 398.7, 406.0 |
| P for trend | 0.05 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.55 | |||||
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
Model 1 was adjusted for age (continuous), race (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, or other), and RR interval (restricted quadratic splines with knots at the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles).
Model 2 was adjusted for the variables in model 1 and body mass index (continuous), smoking (current, former, or never), alcohol consumption (<12 vs. ≥12 drinks in the past year), physical activity level (0, 1–2, or ≥3 times per week), high school education, annual household income (<$20,000 vs. ≥$20,000), and potential QT-prolonging medications.
Model 3 was adjusted for the variables in models 1 and 2 and systolic blood pressure (continuous), total cholesterol level (continuous), high density lipoprotein cholesterol level (continuous), diabetes, history of myocardial infarction, and history of congestive heart failure.