Table 4.
Acquired macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (MLS) resistance genes.
| Gene | Gene(s) included | Mechanism | Length (nt) | Accession number | Coding region | Genera |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| car(A) | Efflux | 1,656 | M80346 | 411..2066 | Streptomyces | |
| cfr | rRNA methylase | 1,050 | AM408573 | 10028..11077 | Staphylococcus | |
| cmr | Other | 1,380 | U43535 | 646..2025 | Corynebacterium | |
| ere(A) | Inactivating enzymeA | 1,221 | AY183453 | 2730..3950 | Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas, Vibrio | |
| ere(B) | Inactivating enzymeA | 1,260 | X03988 | 383..1642 | Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus | |
| ere(C) | Inactivating enzymeA | 1,257 | FN396877 | 943..2199 | Klebsiella | |
| erm(A) | erm(TR) | rRNA methylase | 732 | X03216 | 4551..5282 | Aggregatibacter, Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Helcococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Prevotella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus |
| erm(B) | erm(2), erm(AM), erm(AMR), erm(BC), erm(BP), erm(BZ), erm(IP), erm(P) | rRNA methylase | 738 | M36722 | 714..1451 | Aggregatibacter, Acinetobacter, Aerococcus, Arcanobacterium, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Eubacterium, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Gemella, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Neisseria, Pantoea, Pediococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Ruminococcus, Rothia, Serratia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Treponema, Wolinella |
| erm(C) | erm(IM), erm(M) | rRNA methylase | 735 | M19652 | 988..1722 | Aggregatibacter, Actinomyces, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Corynebacterium, Eubacterium, Enterococcus, Haemophilus, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Neisseria, Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Wolinella |
| erm(D) | erm(J), erm(K) | rRNA methylase | 864 | M29832 | 430..1293 | Bacillus, Salmonella |
| erm(E) | erm(E2) | rRNA methylase | 1,146 | X51891 | 190..1335 | Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Ruminococcus, Shigella, Streptomyces |
| erm(F) | erm(FS), erm(FU) | rRNA methylase | 801 | M14730 | 241..1041 | Aggregatibacter, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Eubacterium, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Gardnerella, Haemophilus, Lactobacillus, Mobiluncus, Neisseria, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus, Ruminococcus, Shigella, Selenomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Treponema, Veillonella, Wolinella |
| erm(G) | rRNA methylase | 735 | M15332 | 672..1406 | Bacillus, Bacteroides, Catenibacterium, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Staphylococcus | |
| erm(H) | car(B) | rRNA methylase | 900 | M16503 | 244..1143 | Streptomyces |
| erm(I) | mdm(A) | rRNA methylase | – | Streptomyces | ||
| erm(N) | tlr(D) | rRNA methylase | 876 | X97721 | 160..1035 | Streptomyces |
| erm(O) | lrm, srm(A) | rRNA methylase | 783 | M74717 | 40..822 | Streptomyces |
| erm(Q) | rRNA methylase | 774 | L22689 | 262..1035 | Aggregatibacter, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Wolinella | |
| erm(R) | rRNA methylase | 1,023 | M11276 | 333..1355 | Arthrobacter | |
| erm(S) | erm(SF), tlr(D) | rRNA methylase | 960 | M19269 | 460..1419 | Streptomyces |
| erm(T) | erm(GT), erm(LF) | rRNA methylase | 735 | M64090 | 168..902 | Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus |
| erm(U) | lrm(B) | rRNA methylase | 837 | X62867 | 361..1197 | Streptomyces |
| erm(V) | erm(SV) | rRNA methylase | 780 | U59450 | 397..1176 | Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Streptomyces |
| erm(W) | myr(B) | rRNA methylase | 936 | D14532 | 1039..1974 | Micromonospora |
| erm(X) | erm(CD) erm(Y) | rRNA methylase | 855 | M36726 | 296..1150 | Arcanobacterium, Bifidobacterium, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium |
| erm(Y) | erm(GM) | rRNA methylase | 735 | AB014481 | 556..1290 | Staphylococcus |
| erm(Z) | srm(D) | rRNA methylase | 849 | AM709783 | 2817..3665 | Streptomyces |
| erm(30) | pikR1 | rRNA methylase | 1,011 | AF079138 | 1283..2293 | Streptomyces |
| erm(31) | pikR2 | rRNA methylase | 969 | AF079138 | 154..1122 | Streptomyces |
| erm(32) | tlr(B) | rRNA methylase | 843 | AJ009971 | 1790..2632 | Streptomyces |
| erm(33) | rRNA methylase | 732 | AJ313523 | 163..894 | Staphylococcus | |
| erm(34) | rRNA methylase | 846 | AY234334 | 355..1200 | Bacillus | |
| erm(35) | rRNA methylase | 801 | AF319779 | 33..833 | Bacteroides | |
| erm(36) | rRNA methylase | 846 | AF462611 | 186..1031 | Micrococcus | |
| erm(37) | erm(MT) | rRNA methylase | 540 | AE000516 | 2229013.. | |
| 2229552 | Mycobacterium | |||||
| erm(38) | rRNA methylase | 1,161 | AY154657 | 63..1223 | Mycobacterium | |
| erm(39) | rRNA methylase | 741 | AY487229 | 2153..2893 | Mycobacterium | |
| erm(40) | rRNA methylase | 756 | AY570506 | 2035..2790 | Mycobacterium | |
| erm(41) | rRNA methylase | 522 | EU590124 | 258..779 | Mycobacterium | |
| erm(42) | erm(MI) | rRNA methylase | 906 | FR734406 | 1..906 | Pasteurella, Photobacterium |
| lmr(A) | Efflux | 1,446 | X59926 | 318..1763 | Streptomyces | |
| lnu(A) | lin(A) | Inactivating enzymeC | 486 | M14039 | 413..898 | Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus |
| lnu(B) | lin(B) | Inactivating enzymeC | 804 | AJ238249 | 127..930 | Clostridium, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus |
| lnu(C) | Inactivating enzymeC | 495 | AY928180 | 1150..1644 | Streptococcus | |
| lnu(D) | Inactivating enzymeC | 495 | EF452177 | 19..513 | Streptococcus | |
| lnu(F) | lin(F), lin(G) | Inactivating enzymeC | 822 | EU118119 | 1030..1851 | Escherichia, Salmonella |
| lsa(A) | abc-23 | Efflux | 1,497 | AY225127 | 41..1537 | Enterococcus |
| lsa(B) | orf3 | Efflux | 1,479 | AJ579365 | 4150..5628 | Staphylococcus |
| lsa(C) | Efflux | 1,479 | HM990671 | 5193..6671 | Gardnerella, Streptococcus | |
| mdf(A) | Other | 1,233 | Y08743 | 1..1233 | Escherichia, Shigella | |
| mdt(A) | Other | 1,257 | X92946 | 10534..11790 | Lactococcus | |
| mef(A) | Efflux | 1,218 | U70055 | 314..1531 | Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Citrobacter, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Fusobacterium, Gemella, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Morganella, Neisseria, Pantoea, Providencia, Proteus, Ralstonia, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Stenotrophomonas | |
| mef(B) | Efflux | 1,230 | FJ196385 | 11084..12313 | Escherichia | |
| mef(E) | Efflux | 1,218 | U83667 | 1..1218 | Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Gemella, Granulicatella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus | |
| mef(G) | Efflux | 1,218 | DQ445270 | 1..1218 | Streptococcus | |
| mph(A) | mph(K) | Inactivating enzymeD | 906 | D16251 | 1626..2531 | Aeromonas, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Serratia, Shigella, Stenotrophomonas |
| mph(B) | mph(B) | Inactivating enzymeD | 909 | D85892 | 1159..2067 | Escherichia, Enterobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas |
| mph(C) | mph(BM) | Inactivating enzymeD | 900 | AF167161 | 5665..6564 | Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas |
| mph(D) | Inactivating enzymeD | 840§ | AB048591 | 1..840 | Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas | |
| mph(E) | mph, mph1, mph2 | Inactivating enzymeD | 884 | AY522431 AF550415 DQ839391 | 22181..23064 | Citrobacter, Escherichia |
| mre(A) | Efflux | 936 | U92073 | 119..1054 | Streptococcus | |
| msr(A) | msr(B), msr(SA) | Efflux | 1,467 | X52085 | 343..1809 | Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Gemella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus |
| msr(C) | Efflux | 1,479 | AY004350 | 496..1974 | Enterococcus | |
| msr(D) | mel, orf5 | Efflux | 1,464 | AF274302 | 2462..3925 | Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Citrobacter, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Gemella, Fusobacterium, Klebsiella, Morganella, Neisseria, Proteus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Serratia, Stenotrophomonas |
| msr(E) | mel | Efflux | 1,476 | AY522431 | 20650..22125 | Citrobacter, Escherichia |
| ole(B) | Efflux | 1,710 | L36601 | 1421..3130 | Streptomyces | |
| ole(C) | Efflux | 978 | L06249 | 1528..2505 | Streptomyces | |
| srm(B) | Efflux | 1,653 | X63451 | 558..2210 | Streptomyces | |
| tlc(C) | Efflux | 1,647 | M57437 | 277..1923 | Streptomyces | |
| vat(A) | Inactivating enzymeC | 660 | L07778 | 258..917 | Staphylococcus | |
| vat(B) | Inactivating enzymeC | 639 | U19459 | 67..705 | Enterococcus, Staphylococcus | |
| vat(C) | Inactivating enzymeC | 639 | AF015628 | 1307..1945 | Staphylococcus | |
| vat(D) | sat(A) | Inactivating enzymeC | 630 | L12033 | 162..791 | Enterococcus |
| vat(E) | sat(G), vat(E-3)– vat(E-8) | Inactivating enzymeC | 645 | AF139725 | 63..707 | Enterococcus, Lactobacillus |
| vat(F) | Inactivating enzymeC | 666 | AF170730 | 70..735 | Yersinia | |
| vat(G) | Inactivating enzymeC | 651 | GQ205627 | 3037..3687 | Enterococcus | |
| vga(A) | vga | Efflux | 1,569 | M90056 | 909..2477 | Staphylococcus |
| vga(A)LC | vga | Efflux | 1,569 | DQ823382 | 1..1569 | Staphylococcus |
| vga(B) | Efflux | 1,659 | U82085 | 629..2287 | Enterococcus, Staphylococcus | |
| vga(C) | vga(D) | Efflux | 1,578 | GQ205627 | 1394..2971 | Enterococcus |
| vgb(A) | vgb | Inactivating enzymeB | 900 | M20129 | 641..1540 | Enterococcus, Staphylococcus |
| vgb(B) | Inactivating enzymeB | 888 | AF015628 | 399..1286 | Staphylococcus |
Adapted from http://faculty.washington.edu/marilynr/. §Partial sequence. AEsterase, BLyase, CTransferase, DPhosphorylase.