Table 1.
Association of Selected Factors With Positive Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), QuantiFERON Gold In-Tube (QFT), and T-SPOT.TB (T-Spot) Among US Army Recruits at Entry Into Military Service
| TST |
QFT |
T-Spot |
|||||
| Factor | No. of subjects | No. (%) of persons with positive results | OR (95% CI) | No. (%) of persons with positive results | OR (95% CI) | No. (%) of persons with positive results | OR (95% CI) |
| Age, years | |||||||
| 18–24 | 1438 | 20 (1.4) | 1 (Ref) | 28 (2.0) | 1 (Ref) | 22 (1.5) | 1 (Ref) |
| 25–29 | 193 | 4 (2.1) | 1.5 (0.4–4.5) | 2 (1.0) | 0.6 (0.06–2.1) | 4 (2.1) | 1.4 (0.3–4.1) |
| ≥30 | 149 | 14 (9.4) | 7.4 (3.2–15.7) | 6 (4.0) | 2.1 (0.7–5.3) | 8 (5.4) | 3.7 (1.4–8.7) |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 1160 | 23 (2.0) | 1.0 (Ref) | 23 (2.0) | 1 (Ref) | 27 (2.3) | 1 (Ref) |
| Female | 621 | 15 (2.4) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 13 (2.1) | 1.1 (0.5–2.1) | 7 (1.1) | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) |
| Race/ethnic groupa | |||||||
| White | 1175 | 8 (0.7) | 1 (Ref) | 15 (1.3) | 1 (Ref) | 16 (1.4) | 1 (Ref) |
| Black | 408 | 12 (2.9) | 4.4 (1.6–12.5) | 10 (2.5) | 1.2 (0.8–4.7) | 7 (1.7) | 1.3 (0.5–3.5) |
| Hispanic | 203 | 7 (3.5) | 5.2 (1.6–16.6) | 10 (4.9) | 4.0 (1.6–9.7) | 7 (3.5) | 2.6 (0.9–6.8) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 106 | 13 (12.3) | 20.4 (7.6–57.9) | 5 (4.7) | 3.8 (1.1–11.4) | 6 (5.7) | 4.3 (1.4–12.0) |
| Other | 137 | 6 (4.4) | 6.7 (1.9–22.3) | 7 (5.1) | 4.2 (1.4–11.1) | 5 (3.7) | 2.7 (0.8–8.0) |
| Prevalence of TB in country of birth | |||||||
| <20 cases per 100000 persons | 1687 | 19 (1.1) | 1 (Ref) | 27 (1.6) | 1 (Ref) | 24 (1.4) | 1 (Ref) |
| 20–100 cases per 100000 persons | 33 | 4 (12.1) | 12.1 (2.8–39.5) | 3 (9.1) | 6.1 (1.1–21.7) | 3 (9.1) | 6.9 (1.3–24.7) |
| >100 cases per 100000 persons | 63 | 15 (23.8) | 27.4 (12.1–60.6) | 6 (9.5) | 6.5 (2.1–16.8) | 7 (11.1) | 8.7 (3.0–21.8) |
| Lived with family member who was not born in US | |||||||
| No | 1701 | 25 (1.5) | 1 (Ref) | 26 (1.5) | 1 (Ref) | 27 (1.6) | 1 (Ref) |
| Yes | 79 | 13 (16.5) | 13.2 (6.5–27.0) | 10 (12.7) | 9.3 (4.3–20.1) | 7 (8.9) | 6.0 (2.1–14.8) |
| Prevalence of TB in country the subject lived in or traveled to for >1 mo | |||||||
| <20 cases per 100000 persons | 1717 | 31 (1.8) | 1 (Ref) | 33 (1.9) | 1 (Ref) | 31 (1.8) | 1 (Ref) |
| 20–100 cases per 100000 persons | 25 | 1 (4.0) | 2.3 (0.1–14.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0–7.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0–8.5) |
| >100 cases per 100000 persons | 41 | 6 (14.6) | 9.3 (3.0–24.6) | 3 (7.3) | 4.0 (0.8–13.7) | 3 (7.3) | 4.3 (0.8–14.7) |
| Contact with TB case | |||||||
| None | 1697 | 30 (1.8) | 1 (Ref) | 27 (1.6) | 1 (Ref) | 31 (1.8) | 1 (Ref) |
| Casual | 65 | 5 (7.7) | 4.6 (1.4–12.6) | 6 (9.2) | 6.3 (2.0–16.3) | 2 (3.1) | 1.7 (0.2–7.0) |
| In same household | 20 | 3 (15.0) | 9.8 (1.7–36.5) | 3 (15.0) | 10.9 (1.9–40.9) | 1 (5.0) | 2.8 (0.1–18.9) |
| Health care work | |||||||
| No | 1573 | 9 (4.3) | 1 (Ref) | 32 (2.0) | 1 (Ref) | 30 (1.9) | 1 (Ref) |
| Yes | 209 | 29 (1.8) | 2.4 (1.1–5.1) | 4 (1.9) | 0.9 (0.2–2.7) | 4 (1.9) | 1.0 (0.4–2.9) |
| Lived or worked in congregate setting | |||||||
| No | 1671 | 33 (2.0) | 1 (Ref) | 31 (1.9) | 1 (Ref) | 30 (1.8) | 1 (Ref) |
| Yes | 112 | 5 (4.5) | 2.3 (0.9–6.1) | 5 (4.5) | 2.5 (0.9–6.5) | 4 (3.6) | 2.0 (0.7–5.9) |
| Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination | |||||||
| No | 1722 | 22 (1.3) | 1 (Ref) | 30 (1.7) | 1 (Ref) | 25 (1.5) | 1 (Ref) |
| Yes | 61 | 16 (26.2) | 27.5 (13.5–55.8) | 6 (9.8) | 6.2 (2.5–15.4) | 9 (14.8) | 11.7 (5.2–26.4) |
| Treated for TB | |||||||
| No | 1739 | 33 (1.9) | 1 (Ref) | 34 (2.0) | 1 (Ref) | 31 (1.8) | 1 (Ref) |
| Yes | 42 | 5 (11.9) | 7.0 (2.6–18.9) | 2 (4.8) | 2.5 (0.3–10.4) | 3 (7.1) | 4.2 (1.2–14.5) |
| Prior positive TST result | |||||||
| No | 1762 | 26 (1.5) | 1 (Ref) | 34 (1.9) | 1 (Ref) | 29 (1.7) | 1 (Ref) |
| Yes | 21 | 12 (57.1) | 89.0 (34.5–229) | 34 (1.9) | 5.3 (0.6–23.6) | 5 (23.8) | 18.7 (6.4–54.4) |
| Region of US | |||||||
| Northeast | 303 | 8 (2.6) | 1 (Ref) | 7 (2.3) | 1 (Ref) | 5 (1.7) | 1 (Ref) |
| Southeast | 601 | 9 (1.5) | 0.6 (0.2–1.7) | 9 (1.5) | 0.6 (0.2–2.1) | 10 (1.7) | 1.0 (0.3–3.8) |
| West | 627 | 11 (1.8) | 0.7 (0.2–1.9) | 13 (2.1) | 0.9 (0.3–2.7) | 12 (1.9) | 1.2 (0.4–4.3) |
| Other | 252 | 10 (4.0) | 1.5 (0.5–4.5) | 7 (2.8) | 1.2 (0.4–4.1) | 7 (2.8) | 1.7 (0.5–6.9) |
| Education | |||||||
| <12 years | 234 | 0 (0) | 0 (0–1.0) | 3 (1.3) | 0.6 (0.1–1.9) | 6 (2.6) | 1 (Ref) |
| 12 years | 989 | 16 (1.6) | 1 (Ref) | 22 (2.2) | 1 (Ref) | 16 (1.6) | 0.6 (0.2–2.0) |
| 13-15 years | 421 | 13 (3.6) | 1.9 (0.8–4.3) | 10 (2.4) | 1.1 (0.4–2.4) | 7 (1.7) | 0.6 (0.2–2.3) |
| ≥16 years | 138 | 7 (5.1) | 3.2 (1.1–8.5) | 1 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.01–2.0) | 5 (3.6) | 1.4 (0.3–5.7) |
| Smoking | |||||||
| None | 1322 | 34 (2.6) | 1 (Ref) | 24 (1.8) | 1 (Ref) | 30 (2.3) | 1 (Ref) |
| <1 pack per day | 365 | 3 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.1–1.0) | 10 (2.7) | 1.5 (0.6–3.3) | 4 (1.1) | 0.5 (0.1–1.4) |
| ≥1 pack per day | 90 | 1 (1.1) | 0.4 (0.01–2.6) | 2 (2.2) | 1.2 (0.1–5.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0–1.8) |
NOTE. CI, confidence interval; OR, prevalence odds ratio; Ref, referent; TB, tuberculosis; TST, Tuberculin Skin Test; QFT, Quantiferon® Gold in-tube; T-Spot, T-SPOT®.TB.
a
Note: Soldiers were allowed to choose >1 race/ethnic group.