Table 2.
Factors Associated With Virologic Failure Among 437 Injection Drug Users (IDUs) Achieving Virologic Suppression in ALIVE
| Variable | Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted ORa | 95% CI |
| Incarceration | ||||
| Not incarcerated | 1 | 1 | ||
| Incarcerated 7–30 days | 6.5 | 2.1–19.8 | 7.7 | 3.0–19.7 |
| Incarcerated 30+ days | 1.7 | 1.0–3.0 | 1.4 | .8–2.6 |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Age (per 5-year increase) | 0.7 | .7–.8 | 0.9 | .8–1.0 |
| Female sex | 1.1 | .9–1.5 | 1.4 | 1.0–1.8 |
| African-American race | 0.9 | .5–1.6 | 0.7 | .4–1.4 |
| Employed | 0.8 | .6–1.0 | ||
| Health insurance | 0.6 | .4–.8 | ||
| Homeless | 1.6 | 1.1–2.3 | ||
| At least HS education | 0.7 | .5–1.0 | ||
| Calendar year | 0.9 | .8–.9 | 0.9 | .8–.9 |
| HIV related | ||||
| CD4 cell count | ||||
| ≥350 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 200–349 | 1.8 | 1.4–2.3 | 2.0 | 1.5–2.9 |
| <200 | 4.3 | 3.2–5.9 | 4.5 | 3.3–6.2 |
| Type of ART regimen | ||||
| PI- or NNRTI-based regimen | 1 | |||
| 3 NRTI or other non-standard | 1.6 | 1.0–2.8 | ||
| Outpatient visit within past 3 mo. | 0.8 | .6–1.0 | ||
| Substance abuse | ||||
| Injection drug use | ||||
| None | 1 | |||
| Occasional | 1.7 | 1.3–2.2 | ||
| Daily | 2.0 | 1.4–2.8 | ||
| Any alcohol use | 1.5 | 1.2–1.9 | 1.5 | 1.2–2.0 |
| Any cocaine use | 1.5 | 1.1–1.9 | ||
| Methadone maintenance | 1.0 | .8–1.3 | ||
Abbreviations: HS, high school; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor.
a
Adjusted for previous incarceration, age, race, sex, calendar year, CD4 cell count, alcohol use.