Table 2.
ANCOVA models on YQoL-R and YQoL-DHH domains by perceived parent–youth level of understanding
| All of what they say | Most of what they say | Some to none of what they say | Fa | Significancea | Partial η2 | |
| Adjustedmean (SE) | Adjusted mean (SE) | Adjusted mean (SE) | ||||
| YQoL-self | 72.18 (1.4) | 69.48 (1.3) | 63.83 (2.6) | 3.80 | .02 | .038 |
| YQoL-environment | 87.06 (1.3) | 84.79 (1.1) | 79.40 (2.3) | 4.05 | .02 | .038 |
| YQoL-relationship | 84.34 (1.5) | 80.60 (1.4) | 73.95 (2.8) | 5.18 | .01 | .048 |
| YQoL-generic Welch test | 87.68 (1.7) | 83.55 (1.6) | 79.68 (3.1) | 6.63 | .002 | .026 |
| YQoL_DHH-participation | 67.40 (1.9) | 54.55 (1.8) | 50.71 (3.6) | 14.07 | .001 | .119 |
| YQoL_DHH-acceptance/advocacy | 78.00 (1.4) | 75.43 (1.3) | 66.74 (2.6) | 6.60 | .002 | .059 |
| YQoL_DHH-perceived stigmab | 19.17c (0.01) | 18.89c (0.01) | 18.57c (0.03) | 2.05 | .13 | .019 |
Note. ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; DHH, deaf or hard of hearing; ns, not significant; SE, standard error; YQoL-R, Youth Quality of Life-Revised; YQoL-DHH, Youth Quality of Life—Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing.
Adjusted for mode of communication, age, parent hearing status, and reported depression symptoms (CDI-S score).
YQoL_DHH-perceived stigma: Higher scores are associated with greater perceived stigma. To remedy highly skewed perceived stigma data, a constant of 1 was added to bring all data to non-zero value and log-transformation method was applied to positive scores prior to model analysis, and adjusted geometric means are obtained by back-transformation.
Adjusted geometric means.