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. 2011 Oct 26;6(10):e26814. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026814

Table 5. Univariate associations between level of stigma (outcome) and other factors.

Stigma
Characteristic None Low Medium High Odds ratio(95% CI) P-value*
Ever been tested for HIV Yes 37 (28%) 47 (35%) 26 (19%) 24 (18%) 0.77 (0.47–1.28) 0.318
No 22 (28%) 20 (25%) 17 (22%) 20 (25%) 1.00
Personally know someone who is sick or has died of AIDS Yes 54 (32%) 48 (28%) 33 (20%) 34 (20%) 0.61 (0.35–1.09) 0.097
No 5 (11%) 19 (43%) 10 (23%) 10 (23%) 1.00
Gender Male 30 (28%) 37 (55%) 21 (20%) 17 (16%) 1.35 (0.83–2.20) 0.220
Female 29 (26%) 30 (27%) 22 (20%) 27 (25%) 1.00
Age Mean (SD) 27.9 (9.0) 27.3 (7.6) 28.4 (9.2) 32.2 (13.4) 1.03 (1.00–1.06) 0.029
Marital status Married/living with partner 31 (24%) 43 (34%) 26 (20%) 27 (21%) 0.71 (0.41–1.22) 0.36
Never married 22 (34%) 19 (30%) 12 (19%) 11 (17%) 1.00
Divorced/widowed 6 (27%) 5 (23%) 5 (23%) 6 (27%) 1.20 (0.52–2.71)
Education (highest) None/primary incomplete 1 (6%) 4 (25%) 3 (19%) 8 (50%) 0.55* (0.39–0.77) 0.001
Primary 15 (21%) 24 (33%) 16 (22%) 17 (24%)
Secondary 36 (33%) 36 (33%) 20 (18%) 17 (16%)
Higher 7 (44%) 3 (19%) 4 (25%) 2 (13%)
Problems getting food in last month Never 50 (32%) 47 (30%) 30 (19%) 31 (20%) 1.00 0.088
Sometimes/often 9 (16%) 20 (36%) 13 (24%) 13 (24%) 1.60 (0.93–2.76)

*Trend.