Table 3.

Multilevel Models Comparing Black and White Middle-Aged Adults’ Support of Grown Offspring

Predictor variables	Racial differences		Model with control variables		Model with resources and demands		Model with cultural beliefs and rewards
	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Intercept	4.98***	0.07	5.06***	0.13	7.75***	0.45	4.62***	0.61
Racea	−0.45***	0.12	−0.25*	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.13	0.11
Resources and demands
Participant income					0.01	0.05	0.03	0.04
Participant education					−0.03	0.03	−0.01	0.03
Participant health					−0.00	0.05	−0.03	0.05
Offspring # of problems					0.10**	0.03	0.12***	0.03
Offspring student status					0.35**	0.10	0.31**	0.10
Offspring age					−0.09***	0.01	−0.08***	0.01
Cultural beliefs
Obligation to help							0.31***	0.09
Sense of reward from helping							0.33***	0.04
Control variables
Participant genderb			−0.31**	0.10	−0.37***	0.09	−0.36***	0.09
Offspring genderb			−0.39***	0.07	−0.41***	0.07	−0.36***	0.07
Participant marital statusc			0.17	0.11	0.10	0.12	0.07	0.12
Offspring marital statusc			0.10	0.12	0.05	0.11	0.02	0.11
Offspring is stepchild			−1.17***	0.12	−0.99***	0.12	−0.78***	0.12
Offspring coresident			1.54***	0.09	1.37***	0.09	1.38***	0.09
Model fit
−2 Res log likelihood	4989.3		4389.9		3749.5		3615.3
Chi-square test			599.4***		640.4***		134.2***

^a1 = Black, 0 = White.

^b1 = male, 0 = female.

^c1 = married, 0 = not married.

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.