Table 2.

Risk factors for lifetime DD and CMDD

	Dysthymic Disorder N=456 (0.9%)	Chronic MDD N=1,377 (3.1%)	General Population N=41,260 (96.0%)	OR Dysthymic Disorder*	OR CMDD*	OR DD versus CMDD
	% (95%CI)	% (95%CI)	% (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)
Family Risk Factors
Family history of depression	62.50 (56.59–68.06)	64.82 (61.43–68.07)	30.26 (28.98–31.57)	3.84 (2.98–4.96)	4.25 (3.66–4.92)	0.90 (0.68–1.19)
Family history of alcohol problems	48.42 (42.26–54.64)	54.29 (51.02–57.51)	33.16 (31.96–34.37)	1.89 (1.49–2.41)	2.39 (2.10–2.73)	0.79 (0.60–1.03)
Family history of drug problems	26.03 (21.38–31.30)	31.02 (27.96–34.26)	15.79 (15.10–16.51)	1.88 (1.45–2.42)	2.40 (2.07–2.78)	0.78 (0.58–1.05)
Family history of antisocial personality disorder	32.7 (27.26–38.65)	35.14 (32.10–38.32)	16.83 (15.98–17.71)	2.40 (1.86–3.11)	2.68 (2.34–3.07)	0.90 (0.67–1.19)
Childhood Risk Factors
Parental loss	14.39 (10.96–18.68)	9.71 (8.00–11.73)	9.71 (9.35–10.08)	1.56 (1.14–2.14)	1.00 (0.81–1.23)	1.56 (1.08–2.27)
Vulnerable family environment	38.81 (33.54–44.36)	32.91 (29.82–36.16)	28.52 (27.78–29.26)	1.59 (1.27–1.99)	1.23 (1.07–1.42)	1.29 (0.98–1.71)
Early onset of anxiety disorder	52.09 (45.73–58.38)	49.20 (45.57–52.84)	33.71 (32.42–35.03)	2.14 (1.66–2.75)	1.90 (1.64–2.21)	1.12 (0.85–1.47)
Conduct Disorder	3.10 (1.24–7.56)	1.09 (0.62–1.91)	1.03 (0.90–1.18)	3.07 (1.19–7.94)	1.06 (0.59–1.89)	2.91 (1.07–7.93)
Low self-esteem	24.92 (20.36–30.11)	27.04 (24.05–30.24)	10.85 (10.24–11.50)	2.73 (2.11–3.53)	3.04 (2.55–3.63)	0.90 (0.66–1.22)
Adult Risk Factors
Social Support	64.24 (58.19–69.87)	58.06 (54.69–61.37)	44.87 (43.48–46.26)	2.21 (1.72–2.84)	1.70 (1.48–1.96)	1.30 (0.98–1.73)
History of divorce/loss spouse	43.65 (38.56–48.87)	50.38 (47.11–53.65)	28.81 (27.76–29.89)	1.91 (1.54–2.37)	2.51 (2.20–2.86)	0.76 (0.60–0.97)
Low emotional reactivity	23.11 (18.83–28.02)	21.47 (18.90–24.28)	17.75 (17.07–18.46)	1.39 (1.07–1.81)	1.27 (1.08–1.48)	1.10 (0.82–1.48)

^*Compared to the general population