Table 3.
Lifetime Psychiatric comorbidity, substance use, and self-medication rates for lifetime DD and CMDD
| Dysthymic Disorder N=456 (0.9%) |
Chronic MDD N=1,377 (3.1%) |
General Population N=41,804 (97.2%) |
Dysthymic Disorder** | Chronic MDD** | DD versus CMDD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (95%CI) | % (95%CI) | % (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
| Any Psychiatric Disorder‡ | 77.22 (70.70–82.65) | 78.91 (76.02–81.55) | 48.53 (46.76–50.31) | 2.92 (2.16–3.95) | 3.97 (3.37–4.67) | 0.73 (0.52–1.03) |
| Any Axis I Disorder‡ | 72.97 (66.49–78.60) | 75.45 (72.57–78.12) | 45.35 (43.50–47.21) | 2.53 (1.90–3.36) | 3.70 (3.19–4.30) | 0.68 (0.50–0.94) |
| Any Substance Use Disorder | 53.14 (47.22–58.97) | 54.74 (51.42–58.03) | 37.73 (36.04–39.44) | 1.87 (1.47–2.38) | 2.00 (1.73–2.31) | 0.94 (0.71–1.23) |
| Alcohol Use Disorder | 41.59 (35.97–47.44) | 41.15 (37.88–44.50) | 29.83 (28.30–31.40) | 1.68 (1.33–2.11) | 1.65 (1.43–1.90) | 1.02 (0.78–1.33) |
| Alcohol Abuse | 17.36 (13.30–22.35) | 19.06 (16.35–22.10) | 17.76 (16.74–18.84) | 0.97 (0.70–1.35) | 1.09 (0.90–1.32) | 0.89 (0.61–1.30) |
| Alcohol Dependence | 24.22 (19.67–29.44) | 22.09 (19.17–25.32) | 12.06 (11.39–12.77) | 2.33 (1.79–3.02) | 2.07 (1.72–2.48) | 1.13 (0.84–1.52) |
| Drug Use Disorder | 18.84 (14.47–24.17) | 19.02 (16.65–21.64) | 9.97 (9.35–10.62) | 2.10 (1.52–2.90) | 2.12 (1.79–2.51) | 0.99 (0.71–1.38) |
| Drug Abuse | 11.01 (7.36–16.15) | 11.26 (9.21–13.70) | 7.60 (7.13–8.09) | 1.50 (0.97–2.34) | 1.54 (1.23–1.94) | 0.97 (0.61–1.55) |
| Drug Dependence | 7.83 (5.40–11.24) | 7.76 (6.13–9.77) | 2.37 (2.14–2.63) | 3.50 (2.32–5.27) | 3.46 (2.65–4.52) | 1.01 (0.63–1.62) |
| Nicotine Dependence | 30.05 (24.95–35.70) | 32.59 (29.47–35.87) | 17.12 (16.18–18.11) | 2.08 (1.61–2.69) | 2.34 (2.01–2.72) | 0.89 (0.66–1.19) |
| Major Depression | 27.12 (22.46–32.34) | 100.00 | 10.33 (9.81–10.87) | 3.23 (2.50–4.17) | ||
| Any Anxiety Disorder | 36.19 (30.51–42.29) | 47.57 (44.27–50.90) | 16.02 (15.17–16.90) | 2.97 (2.30–3.84) | 4.76 (4.15–5.46) | 0.63 (0.47–0.82) |
| Panic Disorder | 13.50 (10.34–17.45) | 17.21 (14.86–19.83) | 4.78 (4.48–5.09) | 3.11 (2.29–4.22) | 4.14 (3.43–5.00) | 0.75 (0.53–1.06) |
| Social Anxiety Disorder | 12.23 (9.06–16.32) | 16.55 (14.15–19.26) | 4.53 (4.17–4.91) | 2.94 (2.09–4.13) | 4.18 (3.47–5.04) | 0.70 (0.49–1.01) |
| Specific Phobia | 13.42 (10.11–17.60) | 22.18 (19.25–25.42) | 8.94 (8.37–9.54) | 1.58 (1.15–2.18) | 2.90 (2.44–3.46) | 0.54 (0.38–0.78) |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 16.86 (12.65–22.12) | 22.71 (20.08–25.57) | 3.42 (3.13–3.74) | 5.72 (4.08–8.04) | 8.29 (6.99–9.85) | 0.69 (0.47–1.01) |
| Conduct Disorder | 3.10 (1.24–7.56) | 1.09 (0.62–1.91) | 1.03 (0.90–1.18) | 3.07 (1.19–7.94) | 1.06 (0.59–1.89) | 2.91 (1.07–7.93) |
| Pathological Gambling | 1.41 (0.56–3.52) | 0.68 (0.36–1.29) | 0.41 (0.34–0.49) | 3.51 (1.35–9.10) | 1.69 (0.86–3.30) | 2.08 (0.66–6.59) |
| Any Psychotic Disorder | 1.77 (0.82–3.77) | 2.15 (1.34–3.44) | 0.23 (0.17–0.30) | 7.86 (3.47–17.83) | 9.59 (5.46–16.86) | 0.82 (0.33–2.01) |
| Any Personality Disorder | 38.13 (32.41–44.19) | 36.79 (33.61–40.08) | 13.87 (13.20–14.57) | 3.83 (2.97–4.93) | 3.61 (3.14–4.16) | 1.06 (0.79–1.41) |
| Avoidant Personality Disorder | 8.85 (5.89–13.07) | 10.78 (8.77–13.17) | 2.02 (1.83–2.24) | 4.70 (2.99–7.38) | 5.85 (4.59–7.45) | 0.80 (0.50–1.30) |
| Dependant Personality Disorder | 0.94 (0.36–2.40) | 2.18 (1.42–3.32) | 0.43 (0.35–0.53) | 2.17 (0.85–5.56) | 5.11 (3.25–8.04) | 0.43 (0.16–1.15) |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 15.85 (12.01–20.62) | 17.37 (14.68–20.44) | 7.50 (7.07–7.96) | 2.32 (1.68–3.22) | 2.59 (2.13–3.15) | 0.90 (0.61–1.31) |
| Paranoid Personality Disorder | 13.82 (10.39–18.15) | 12.08 (10.05–14.44) | 4.08 (3.79–4.39) | 3.77 (2.72–5.32) | 3.23 (2.59–4.03) | 1.17 (0.80–1.70) |
| Schizoid Personality Disorder | 11.31 (8.04–15.68) | 9.84 (7.85–12.28) | 2.83 (2.60–3.08) | 4.37 (2.99–6.41) | 3.75 (2.89–4.85) | 1.17 (0.73–1.87) |
| Histrionic Personality Disorder | 4.09 (2.46–6.73) | 4.06 (2.79–5.85) | 1.75 (1.59–1.93) | 2.39 (1.39–4.12) | 2.37 (1.62–3.48) | 1.01 (0.53–1.92) |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | 10.21 (7.01–14.62) | 8.64 (7.01–10.61) | 3.41 (3.14–3.71) | 3.22 (2.12–4.88) | 2.68 (2.11–3.40) | 1.20 (0.75–1.92) |
| Any Substance Use* | 92.60 (88.91–95.13) | 91.57 (89.54–93.24) | 85.68 (84.51–86.78) | 2.09 (1.38–3.18) | 1.82 (1.42–2.32) | 1.15 (0.70–1.91) |
| Any Tobacco Use | 58.67 (53.32–63.82) | 58.81 (55.41–62.13) | 46.35 (44.84–47.88) | 1.64 (1.32–2.05) | 1.65 (1.44–1.90) | 0.99 (0.77–1.28) |
| Any Alcohol use | 88.80 (84.55–91.99) | 86.94 (84.25–89.24) | 82.53 (81.23–83.76) | 1.68 (1.19–2.37) | 1.41 (1.13–1.76) | 1.19 (0.77–1.83) |
| Any Drug Use | 37.50 (32.19–43.14) | 37.65 (34.49–40.92) | 22.18 (21.20–23.20) | 2.11 (1.66–2.67) | 2.12 (1.84–2.44) | 0.99 (0.77–1.28) |
| Self-Medication† | ||||||
| Alcohol use to relieve symptoms | 22.30 (17.79–27.58) | 21.76 (19.27–24.49) | 3.57 (3.28–3.88) | 7.76 (5.85–10.29) | 7.52 (6.27–9.01) | 1.03 (0.76–1.41) |
| Use of non-prescription medicine | 9.10 (5.94–13.71) | 9.94 (7.94–12.37) | 1.30 (1.13–1.49) | 7.62 (4.72–12.32) | 8.40 (6.31–11.17) | 0.91 (0.57–1.45) |
*
Any Substance Use includes Any Tobacco Use, Any Alcohol Use, and Any Drug Use
†
Either self-medication for DD or CMDD
‡
Any Psychiatric Disorder and Any Axis I Disorder does not include either DD or CMDD
**
Compared to the general population