Table 4.
Past 12-month psychiatric comorbidity, substance use, self-medication rates, and level of disability for DD and CMDD
| Dysthymic Disorder N=261 (0.5%) |
Chronic MDD N=655(1.5%) |
General Population (GP) N=42,177(98.0%) |
Dysthymic Disorder** | Chronic MDD** | DD versus CMDD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (95%CI) | % (95%CI) | % (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | ||||
| Any Axis I Disorder‡ | 45.37 (37.61–53.36) | 55.01 (49.78–60.13) | 25.90 (24.73–27.11) | 2.38 (1.73–3.26) | 3.48 (2.83–4.27) | 0.68 (0.46–1.00) | |||
| Any Substance Use Disorder | 26.51 (20.37–33.73) | 32.25 (27.66–37.22) | 18.57 (17.67–19.52) | 1.58 (1.12–2.23) | 2.08 (1.68–2.58) | 0.76 (0.51–1.13) | |||
| Alcohol Use Disorder | 13.03 (8.59–19.29) | 12.69 (9.48–16.77) | 8.37 (7.91–8.86) | 1.64 (1.03–2.61) | 1.59 (1.15–2.19) | 1.03 (0.59–1.80) | |||
| Alcohol Abuse | 5.03 (2.46–10.02) | 5.78 (3.87–8.55) | 4.63 (4.28–5.01) | 1.09 (0.52–2.29) | 1.26 (0.82–1.94) | 0.86 (0.37–2.01) | |||
| Alcohol Dependence | 8.01 (4.69–13.33) | 6.91 (4.45–10.59) | 3.74 (3.48–4.02) | 2.24 (1.25–4.01) | 1.90 (1.19–3.04) | 1.71 (0.57–2.43) | |||
| Drug Use Disorder | 5.85 (2.95–11.28) | 4.90 (2.93–8.08) | 1.94 (1.75–2.14) | 3.15 (1.52–6.51) | 2.58 (1.52–4.36) | 1.21 (0.50–2.93) | |||
| Drug Abuse | 2.69 (0.97–7.24) | 3.16 (1.68–5.88) | 1.52 (1.37–1.70) | 1.78 (0.62–5.10) | 2.10 (1.09–4.05) | 0.84 (0.25–2.85) | |||
| Drug Dependence | 5.42 (2.60–10.96) | 3.44 (1.75–6.67) | 0.56 (0.47–0.66) | 10.21 (4.69–22.23) | 6.07 (2.96–12.43) | 1.61 (0.57–4.50) | |||
| Nicotine Dependence | 21.00 (15.56–27.72) | 24.76 (20.55–29.51) | 12.54 (11.79–13.32) | 1.85 (1.29–2.67) | 2.29 (1.80–2.90) | 0.81 (0.52–1.25) | |||
| Major Depression | 26.94 (19.95–35.30) | 100.00 | 4.10 (3.84–4.38) | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |||
| Any Anxiety Disorder | 29.85 (22.68–38.15) | 37.62 (32.47–43.08) | 10.59 (9.98–11.24) | 3.59 (2.49–5.18) | 5.04 (4.00–6.33) | 0.71 (0.46–1.08) | |||
| Panic Disorder | 11.84 (7.30–18.66) | 9.99 (7.40–13.34) | 2.00 (1.84–2.17) | 6.60 (3.88–11.21) | 5.31 (3.79–7.42) | 1.21 (0.66–2.22) | |||
| Social Anxiety Disorder | 7.60 (4.26–13.21) | 10.76 (7.62–14.98) | 2.61 (2.37–2.86) | 3.07 (1.64–5.76) | 4.46 (3.03–6.56) | 0.68 (0.34–1.35) | |||
| Specific Phobia | 10.79 (6.45–17.51) | 18.04 (14.31–22.50) | 6.95 (6.46–7.47) | 1.62 (0.93–2.83) | 2.94 (2.23–3.88) | 0.55 (0.29–1.03) | |||
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 15.33 (10.75–21.39) | 17.20 (13.36–21.85) | 1.76 (1.59–1.95) | 10.10 (6.63–15.40) | 11.12 (8.15–15.18) | 0.87 (0.53–1.42) | |||
| Conduct Disorder | 3.92 (1.16–12.35) | 2.14 (1.07–4.22) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 3.95 (1.14–13.69) | 2.09 (1.03–4.24) | 1.86 (0.44–7.92) | |||
| Pathological Gambling | 0.00 | 0.20 (0.05–0.82) | 0.16 (0.12–0.21) | N.A. | 1.26 (0.30–5.35) | N.A. | |||
| Any Psychotic Disorder | 3.12 (1.39–6.86) | 3.09 (1.73–5.49) | 0.29 (0.23–0.37) | 11.02 (4.66–26.03) | 10.38 (5.48–19.68) | 1.01 (0.37–2.77) | |||
| Any Substance Use* | 69.52 (61.99–76.14) | 77.63 (73.07–81.61) | 71.83 (70.72–72.92) | 0.89 (0.64–1.25) | 1.36 (1.08–1.72) | 0.66 (0.44–0.99) | |||
| Any Tobacco Use | 40.19 (32.76–48.09) | 39.64 (34.89–44.60) | 28.13 (27.03–29.27) | 1.72 (1.24–2.38) | 1.67 (1.37–2.04) | 1.02 (0.69–1.51) | |||
| Any Alcohol use | 57.32 (49.60–64.70) | 64.44 (59.31–69.26) | 65.54 (64.38–66.68) | 0.71 (0.52–0.96) | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) | 0.74 (0.52–1.06) | |||
| Any Drug Use | 11.97 (7.77–17.98) | 10.23 (7.33–14.09) | 6.11 (5.74–6.51) | 2.09 (1.28–3.40) | 1.74 (1.22–2.49) | 1.19 (0.66–2.17) | |||
| Self-Medication† | |||||||||
| Alcohol use to relieve symptoms | 11.38 (7.46–16.98) | 8.38 (5.93–11.73) | 1.30 (1.16–1.45) | 9.77 (6.06–15.75) | 6.68 (4.52–9.86) | 1.40 (0.77–2.57) | |||
| Use of non-prescription medicine | 0.66 (0.17–2.58) | 1.78 (1.01–3.09) | 0.30 (0.23–0.39) | 2.24 (0.55–9.23) | 6.05 (3.20–11.42) | 0.37 (0.08–1.66) | |||
| SF-12 | Mean (95%CI) | Mean (95%CI) | Mean (95%CI) | T-score | p-value | T-score | p-value | T-score | p-value |
| Physical component summary | 45.51 (43.29–47.74) | 47.26 (45.99–48.53) | 50.63 (50.41–50.85) | −4.64 | <0.0001 | −5.25 | <0.0001 | −1.38 | 0.17 |
| Social function scale | 41.26 (39.27–43.26) | 44.35 (42.91–45.79) | 51.92 (51.78–52.05) | −10.74 | <0.0001 | −10.53 | <0.0001 | −2.59 | 0.01 |
| Role emotional scale | 40.44 (38.07–42.80) | 42.21 (40.79–43.62) | 51.14 (50.98–51.31) | −9.07 | <0.0001 | −12.60 | <0.0001 | −1.34 | 0.19 |
| Mental health scale | 41.55 (39.37–43.73) | 42.40 (41.16–43.64) | 52.33 (52.16–52.50) | −9.91 | <0.0001 | −15.98 | <0.0001 | −0.68 | 0.50 |
*
Any Substance Use includes Any Tobacco Use, Any Alcohol Use, and Any Drug Use
†
Either self-medication for DD or CMDD
‡
Any Psychiatric Disorder and Any Axis I Disorder does not include neither DD nor CMDD
**
Compared to the general population