Table 2.

Clinical gradation of European Viper envenomations [1,13,14].

Grade	Envenomation	Clinical feature	Treatment	Average venom blood level [13,14]
0	Dry bite	Fang marks, no local signs	Local wound care only	1 ± 0.3 ng/mL
1	Minor	Local swelling, pain, no general symptoms	Symptomatic	5 ± 1.8 ng/mL
2	Moderate	Extensive swelling and/or moderate general symptoms (hypotension, moderate digestive troubles)	Antivenom	32 ± 7 ng/mL
3	Severe	Giant swelling and severe general symptoms (progression of grade 2 symptoms, diarrhoea)	Antivenom	126 ± 50 ng/mL