Table 4.
Factors Associated With Persistent Anal Canal Human Papillomavirus Infections in Men Who Have Sex With Men and Men Who Have Sex With Women in São Paulo, Cuernavaca, and Tampa in the HPV in Men (HIM) Study: Bivariate Analysesa,b
| Factor | MSM (n = 84) |
MSW (n = 125) |
||
| No. with persistent infection (%) | PR (95% CI) | No. with persistent infection (%) | PR (95% CI) | |
| City of residence | ||||
| São Paulo | 55 (58.2) | 1.33 (.73–2.49) | 29 (34.5) | 1.35 (.66–2.76) |
| Cuernavaca | 13 (84.6) | 1.93 (1.06–3.53) | 53 (35.9) | 1.40 (.75–2.62) |
| Tampa | 16 (43.8) | Ref | 43 (25.6) | Ref |
| Age, y | ||||
| 18–30 | 45 (64.4) | Ref | 53 (22.6) | Ref |
| 31–44 | 33 (51.2) | 0.80 (.54–1.19) | 47 (31.9) | 1.41 (.74–2.70) |
| 45–70 | 6 (66.7) | 1.03 (.56–1.90) | 25 (52.0) | 2.30 (1.23–4.29) |
| Trendc | P = .53 | P = .01 | ||
| Race | ||||
| White | 52 (57.7) | Ref | 49 (26.5) | Ref |
| Black | 14 (50.0) | 0.87 (.49–1.54) | 12 (41.7) | 1.57 (.69–3.55) |
| Mixed/other | 17 (70.6) | 1.22 (.83–1.80) | 61 (34.4) | 1.30 (.73–2.32) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 37 (67.6) | Ref | 65 (35.4) | Ref |
| Non–Hispanic | 46 (52.2) | 0.77 (.54–1.10) | 59 (28.8) | 0.81 (.48–1.37) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single, never married | 62 (56.5) | Ref | 46 (23.9) | Ref |
| Married | 9 (55.6) | 0.98 (.53–1.84) | 40 (32.5) | 1.36 (.69–2.69) |
| Cohabitating | 8 (75.0) | 1.33 (.84–2.10) | 20 (35.0) | 1.46 (.67–3.22) |
| Divorced/sep/widow | 5 (80.0) | u.e. | 19 (47.4) | 1.98 (.98–3.99) |
| Duration of relationship with primary sex partner | ||||
| No primary sex partner | 36 (58.3) | 1.05 (.55–2.00) | 25 (28.0) | 0.64 (.32–1.30) |
| <1 year | 19 (68.4) | 1.23 (.64–2.38) | 24 (16.7) | 0.38 (.15–.99) |
| 1–5 years | 20 (55.0) | 0.99 (.49–2.01) | 27 (29.6) | 0.68 (.35–1.32) |
| >5 years | 9 (55.6) | Reference | 48 (43.8) | Reference |
| Trendc | P = .80 | P = .06 | ||
| Years of school | ||||
| <12 | 12 (66.7) | Ref | 31 (38.7) | Ref |
| 12 | 23 (52.2) | 0.78 (.45–1.37) | 26 (34.6) | 0.89 (.45–1.78) |
| 13–16 | 42 (59.5) | 0.89 (.56–1.43) | 58 (27.6) | 0.71 (.39–1.31) |
| ≥17 | 7 (71.4) | 1.07 (.58–1.98) | 10 (30.0) | 0.78 (.27–2.20) |
| Trendc | P = .83 | P = .31 | ||
| Cigarette smoker | ||||
| Never | 52 (48.1) | Ref | 58 (31.0) | Ref |
| Former | 10 (60.0) | 1.25 (.70–2.23) | 28 (32.1) | 1.04 (.53–2.01) |
| Current | 22 (86.4) | 1.80 (1.29–2.49) | 39 (33.3) | 1.07 (.60–1.93) |
| Trendc | P = .002 | P = .81 | ||
| Pack-years of smoking cigarettes | ||||
| Never smoked | 52 (48.1) | Ref | 58 (31.0) | Ref |
| <2.0 | 11 (81.8) | 1.70 (1.14–2.53) | 26 (19.2) | 0.62 (.26–1.49) |
| ≥2.0 | 21 (76.2) | 1.58 (1.09–2.29) | 36 (44.4) | 1.43 (.84–2.43) |
| Trendc | P = .01 | P = .25 | ||
| Alcohol drinks in past month | ||||
| 0–30 | 53 (54.7) | Ref | 91 (35.2) | Ref |
| 31–60 | 15 (73.3) | 1.34 (.91–1.98) | 10 (20.0) | 0.57 (.16–2.03) |
| >60 | 13 (53.9) | 0.98 (0.56–1.72) | 19 (26.3) | 0.75 (.34–1.67) |
| Trendc | P = .72 | P = .35 | ||
| Prepuce present (clinician report) | ||||
| Yes | 61 (55.7) | 0.80 (.56–1.14) | 86 (33.7) | 1.20 (.67–2.14) |
| No | 23 (69.6) | Ref | 39 (28.2) | Ref |
| History of gonorrhea diagnosis | ||||
| Yes | 15 (66.7) | 1.18 (.78–1.78) | 13 (53.9) | 1.81 (1.02–3.23) |
| No | 67 (56.7) | Ref | 111 (29.7) | Ref |
| Lifetime number of male anal sex partners | ||||
| 0–2 | 7 (71.4) | Ref | 125 (32.0) | Ref |
| 3–9 | 28 (53.6) | 0.75 (.42–1.34) | 0 - | u.e. |
| ≥10 | 38 (63.2) | 0.88 (.52–1.50) | 0 - | u.e. |
| Trendc | P = .91 | u.e. | ||
| Lifetime number of female sex partners | ||||
| 0–2 | 49 (53.1) | Ref | 14 (35.7) | Ref |
| 3–9 | 19 (68.4) | 1.29 (.86–1.93) | 41 (29.3) | .82 (.35–1.91) |
| ≥10 | 10 (70.0) | 1.32 (.81–2.14) | 63 (34.9) | .98 (.45–2.13) |
| Trendc | P = .20 | P = .82 | ||
| Number of male anal sex partners in past 3 months | ||||
| 0 | 14 (57.1) | Ref | 125 (32.0) | Ref |
| 1 | 21 (57.1) | 1.00 (.56–1.80) | 0 - | u.e. |
| ≥2 | 46 (60.9) | 1.07 (.64–1.77) | 0 - | u.e. |
| Trendc | P = .76 | u.e. | ||
| Number of female sex partners in past 6 months | ||||
| 0 | 65 (60.0) | Ref | 35 (37.1) | Ref |
| 1 | 6 (50.0) | 0.83 (.37–1.90) | 50 (28.0) | 0.75 (.41–1.40) |
| ≥2 | 8 (62.5) | 1.04 (.59–1.85) | 36 (33.3) | 0.90 (.48–1.69) |
| Trendc | P = .97 | P = .74 | ||
| Number of new male anal sex partners in past 3 months | ||||
| 0 | 26 (53.9) | Ref | 125 (32.0) | Ref |
| 1 | 21 (52.4) | 0.97 (.57–1.67) | 0 - | u.e. |
| ≥2 | 31 (67.7) | 1.26 (.82–1.94) | 0 - | u.e. |
| Trendc | P = .27 | u.e. | ||
| Number of new female sex partners in past 6 months | ||||
| 0 | 67 (59.7) | Ref | 76 (30.3) | Ref |
| 1 | 6 (50.0) | 0.84 (.37–1.91) | 34 (35.3) | 1.17 (.66–2.06) |
| ≥2 | 5 (60.0) | u.e. | 11 (36.4) | 1.20 (.51–2.82) |
| Trendc | P = .85 | P = .56 | ||
| Frequency of condom use for anal sex with women or men in past 6 months | ||||
| Always | 22 (50.0) | Ref | 9 (33.3) | Ref |
| Sometimes | 43 (62.8) | 1.26 (.78–2.02) | 10 (20.0) | 0.60 (.13–2.82) |
| Never | 12 (66.7) | 1.33 (.75–2.38) | 11 (18.2) | 0.55 (.11–2.59) |
| No anal sex in past 6 months | 5 (60.0) | u.e. | 84 (34.5) | 1.04 (.39–2.73) |
Bold text identifies point estimates and 95% confidence intervals that did not include unity.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; MSM, men who have sex with men; MSW, men who have sex with women; PR, prevalence ratio; u.e., unstable point estimate.
a
A persistent case was defined as a man with type-specific infection at enrollment and the 6-month visit for ≥1 of 37 genotypes. Those with no persistence for any genotype were defined as non-cases.
b
Only men with prevalent infection were included in analyses.
c
Cochran–Armitage test for trend.