Figure 3.

Proteasome inhibition mediated by glucosamine occurs prior to induction of apoptosis. (A) ALVA41 cells were treated with 1 mM of glucosamine for the indicated period and chymotrypsine-like activity of proteasomes was analyzed. (B) Cells were treated as A, and Western blot analysis was performed using the indicated antibodies. (C) Cells were treated as A, and apoptotic cells were measured using annexin V/PI double staining and subsequent flow cytometry. ^*P < 0.01.