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. 2011 Aug 18;174(7):769–778. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr147

Table 4.

Hazard Ratios for Mortality According to Alcohol Consumption in the Final Models, Overall and by Race/Ethnicity, 1984 and 1995 National Alcohol Surveys, 1984–2006

Race/Ethnicity
All
 Black
 Hispanic
 White
HR 95% CI HR 95% CI HR 95% CI HR 95% CI
% from the 1995 National Alcohol Survey Strataa 1.30* 1.09, 1.55 Strata Strata
Male gender Strata 1.58* 1.27, 1.97 1.59* 1.21, 2.09 1.43* 1.20, 1.72
Mean age, years 0.97* 0.95, 0.99
Race/ethnicity
    Black 1.09 0.96, 1.23
    Hispanic 0.83* 0.71, 0.98
    White/other 1.00
Region of the United States
    Midwest Strata 1.19 0.65, 2.18 Strata
    South Strata 1.10 0.83, 1.46
    Northeast, Pacific, or Rocky Mountains 1.00 1.00
Education
    College graduation 1.48 0.79, 2.77
    Some college or less 1.00
Born in the United States 1.37* 1.13, 1.66 3.39* 1.51, 7.65 Strata 1.88* 1.22, 2.91
Marital status
    Married 0.76* 0.63, 0.91 0.74* 0.56, 0.97
    Divorced/widowed 0.78* 0.64, 0.96 0.79 0.58, 1.06
    Never married 1.00 1.00
Depressionb 1.21* 1.06, 1.38 1.42* 1.16, 1.73
Impulsivity scalec 0.89 0.78, 1.03
Household income group, 1983 dollars Strata Strata Strata Strata
Use of tobacco and other substances
    Current smokerd 1.42* 1.26, 1.61 1.24* 1.02, 1.51 Strata
    Use of illegal drugs (past year)e 1.36* 1.16, 1.60 2.25* 1.59, 3.18 1.21 0.95, 1.54
Alcohol consumption patternf
    Former drinker, no alcohol problem 1.11 0.94, 1.31 0.66* 0.53, 0.87 1.56* 1.07, 2.27 1.59* 1.25, 2.02
    Former drinker, alcohol problem 1.58* 1.21, 2.07 1.76* 1.10, 2.93 1.61 0.96, 2.69 1.48 0.90, 2.42
    Lifetime abstainer 1.11 0.96, 1.29 1.01 0.80, 1.28 1.03 0.74, 1.43 1.33* 1.06, 1.68
    Current drinker, drinks/month
        0–<2, no alcohol problem 1.14 0.95, 1.36 0.96 0.70, 1.30 0.91 0.57, 1.46 1.39* 1.09, 1.77
        0–<2, alcohol problem 1.60 0.98, 2.62 0.77g 0.38, 1.56 0.87g 0.21, 3.71 4.28* 2.36, 7.79
        2–<30 (women) or 2–<60 (men), no ≥5-drink days 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
        2–<30 (women) or 2–<60 (men), ≥5-drink days 1.86* 1.29, 2.69 1.94* 1.16, 3.23 1.72 0.94, 3.14 1.41g 0.50, 4.01
        ≥30 (women) or ≥60 (men), no ≥8-drink days 1.03 0.83, 1.28 1.00 0.72, 1.39 1.22 0.65, 2.30 1.05 0.75, 1.48
        ≥30 (women) or ≥60 (men), ≥8-drink days 1.06 0.75, 1.50 0.95 0.57, 1.57 0.91 0.43, 1.95 1.98* 1.15, 3.42

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

* P < 0.05.

a

“Strata” indicates variables for which baseline hazards were stratified to satisfy the proportional hazards assumption.

b

Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (23) score of 16 or higher.

c

Impulsivity was measured using the 3-item Impulsive Cognitive Style Scale (25).

d

Smoking on at least 1 occasion monthly in the past year at baseline interview.

e

Any use of uppers, cocaine, amphetamines, downers, codeine, methadone, hallucinogens, or heroin/opium.

f

Alcohol pattern categories: former drinker with no lifetime alcohol problems; former drinker with lifetime alcohol problems; lifetime abstainer; occasional drinker (0–<2 drinks/month) with no lifetime alcohol problems; occasional drinker with lifetime alcohol problems; moderate drinker (2–<30 (women) or 2–<60 (men) drinks/month) with no days with ≥5 drinks monthly; moderate drinker with ≥5-drink days monthly; heavier drinker (≥30 (women) or ≥60 (men) drinks/month) with no days with ≥8 drinks monthly; and heavier drinker with ≥8-drink days monthly.

g

One of the drinking groups in the each of the race/ethnicity-specific models included fewer than 10 deaths, and results for these groups should be interpreted with caution.