Table 2.
Intake of Probiotic Milk Products During Pregnancy for 33,399 Primiparous Women, According to Maternal Characteristics, the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, 2002–2008
| Total Consumers |
Probiotic Consumers |
Mean Daily Intake of Probiotics, mL/day |
|||
| No. | % | No. | % | ||
| All | 33,399 | 100 | 13,295 | 39.8 | 34 (91)a |
| Maternal age at delivery, years | |||||
| <20 | 609 | 1.8 | 138 | 22.7 | 16 (63) |
| 20–29 | 19,838 | 59.3 | 7,487 | 37.7 | 31 (86) |
| 30–39 | 12,628 | 37.9 | 5,526 | 43.8 | 40 (97) |
| ≥40 | 324 | 1.0 | 144 | 44.4 | 51 (124) |
| Maternal height, m | |||||
| <1.65 | 9,007 | 27.0 | 3,350 | 37.2 | 30 (83) |
| 1.65–1.68 | 8,415 | 25.2 | 3,366 | 40.0 | 34 (95) |
| 1.69–1.72 | 7,856 | 23.5 | 3,204 | 40.8 | 36 (91) |
| ≥1.73 | 7,814 | 23.4 | 3,272 | 41.9 | 38 (92) |
| Missing | 307 | 0.9 | 103 | 33.6 | 37 (114) |
| Prepregnancy body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||
| <18.5 | 1,102 | 3.3 | 390 | 35.4 | 33 (92) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 22,169 | 66.4 | 9,408 | 42.4 | 37 (85) |
| 25–29.9 | 6,610 | 19.8 | 2,408 | 36.4 | 32 (91) |
| 30–34.9 | 2,039 | 6.1 | 648 | 31.8 | 25 (82) |
| ≥35 | 736 | 2.2 | 194 | 26.4 | 18 (53) |
| Missing | 743 | 2.2 | 247 | 33.2 | 31 (114) |
| Maternal education, years | |||||
| ≤12 | 9,493 | 28.4 | 2,885 | 30.4 | 27 (86) |
| 13–16 | 14,289 | 42.8 | 5,799 | 40.6 | 34 (87) |
| ≥17 | 8,888 | 26.6 | 4,358 | 49.0 | 43 (99) |
| Missing | 729 | 2.2 | 253 | 34.7 | 34 (106) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/cohabitant | 31,887 | 95.4 | 12,722 | 40.1 | 35 (91) |
| Single | 1,522 | 4.6 | 508 | 33.4 | 30 (79) |
| Smoking in pregnancy | |||||
| Nonsmokers | 30,859 | 92.4 | 12,651 | 41.0 | 36 (92) |
| Occasional smokers | 963 | 2.9 | 288 | 29.9 | 25 (73) |
| Daily smokers | 1,577 | 4.7 | 356 | 22.6 | 19 (79) |
| Dietary supplement use | |||||
| None | 3,915 | 11.7 | 958 | 24.5 | 18 (67) |
| Supplement without vitamin D | 2,066 | 6.2 | 662 | 32.0 | 27 (84) |
| Supplement with vitamin D | 27,418 | 82.1 | 11,675 | 42.6 | 37 (94) |
| Sex of the fetus | |||||
| Male | 17,062 | 51.1 | 6,837 | 40.1 | 35 (90) |
| Female | 16,320 | 48.9 | 6,456 | 39.6 | 34 (92) |
| Total energy intake, MJ/day | |||||
| Quartile 1 (4.5–7.8) | 8,349 | 25.0 | 2,897 | 34.7 | 19 (51) |
| Quartile 2 (>7.8–9.2) | 8,350 | 25.0 | 3,282 | 39.3 | 29 (70) |
| Quartile 3 (>9.2–11.0) | 8,350 | 25.0 | 3,511 | 42.0 | 36 (84) |
| Quartile 4 (>11.0) | 8,350 | 25.0 | 3,605 | 43.2 | 54 (134) |
| Dietary fiber intake, g/10 MJb | |||||
| Quartile 1 (13–27) | 8,349 | 25.0 | 2,611 | 31.3 | 30 (101) |
| Quartile 2 (>27–31) | 8,350 | 25.0 | 3,316 | 39.7 | 34 (93) |
| Quartile 3 (>31–36) | 8,350 | 25.0 | 3,618 | 43.3 | 36 (88) |
| Quartile 4 (>36) | 8,350 | 25.0 | 3,750 | 44.9 | 38 (81) |
a
Numbers in parentheses, standard deviation.
b
From food only, not supplements.