Table 3.

Association Between Probiotic Milk Consumption (Yes or No) During Pregnancy and Preeclampsia (All Subtypes) and Subtypes, the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, 2002–2008

	No.	%	Probiotic Consumers, %	Crude Model		Adjusted Modela
				OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Preeclampsia all types
Yes	1,755	5.3	35.7	0.83	0.75, 0.92	0.91	0.82, 1.01
No	31,644	94.7	40.0
Subtypes by time of onset
Early onset preeclampsiab
Yes	169	0.5	37.9	0.91	0.67, 1.25	1.05	0.76, 1.45
No	31,644	94.7	40.0
Late-onset preeclampsia
Yes	1,586	4.7	35.4	0.82	0.74, 0.91	0.90	0.81, 1.00
No	31,644	94.7	40.0
Subtypes by clinical severity
Mild preeclampsia
Yes	997	3.0	36.4	0.86	0.75, 0.98	0.95	0.83, 1.08
No	31,644	94.7	40.0
Severe preeclampsiac
Yes	514	1.5	32.7	0.73	0.60, 0.88	0.79	0.66, 0.96
No	31,644	94.7	40.0
Unspecified preeclampsia
Yes	244	0.7	38.9	0.95	0.75, 1.19	1.02	0.81, 1.31
No	31,644	94.7	40.0

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HELLP, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count; OR, odds ratio.

^aAdjusted for prepregnancy body mass index, height, education, smoking in pregnancy, intake of fiber, energy, nonprobiotic milk, and nonprobiotic yogurt.

^bDiagnosed before 34 weeks.

^cSevere preeclampsia including eclampsia and HELLP syndrome.