Table 1.
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population
| Variable | Total | Male | Female | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 51.6 ± 12.8 | 53.4 ± 13.1 | 50.7 ± 12.4 | <0.001 |
| Body weight (kg) | 59.3 ± 15.6 | 65.4 ± 10.2 | 56.4 ± 16.8 | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 69.2 ± 16.6 | 70.6 ± 15.2 | 65.5 ± 12.4 | <0.001 |
| Blood cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.6 ± 1.2 | 5.6 ± 1.2 | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 0.001 |
| Serum triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Blood uric acid (μmol/L) | 348.3 ± 93.4 | 402.1 ± 89.6 | 322.9 ± 84.2 | <0.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.6 ± 1.5 | 5.6 ± 1.6 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 0.076 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123.4 ± 19.9 | 125.1 ± 18.3 | 122.6 ± 20.5 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.1 ± 10.7 | 81.2 ± 10.6 | 78.1 ± 10.6 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 23.6 ± 5.8 | 23.81 ± 3.3 | 23.5 ± 6.6 | 0.009 |
| ≥High school education (%) | 51.7 | 61.9 | 46.9 | <0.001 |
| Health insurance coverage (%) | 62.9 | 64.8 | 62.1 | 0.04 |
| Income (RMB/month) | 3637.4 | 3843.0 | 3534.2 | 0.001 |
| Smoker (%) | 18.8 | 53.6 | 2.1 | <0.001 |
| History of CKD (%) | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 0.83 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 16.3 | 15.9 | 16.5 | 0.54 |
| Family history of hypertension (%) | 39.1 | 37.0 | 40.1 | 0.03 |
| Family history of CKD (%) | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 0.92 |
| Repeated respiratory tract infections (%) | 18.1 | 20.1 | 17.2 | 0.01 |
| Nephrotoxic medications (%) | 4.9 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 0.92 |
| Central obesity (%) | 30.0 | 20.6 | 40.8 | <0.001 |
| History of acute myocardial infarct (%) | 9.3 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 0.86 |
| Stroke (%) | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 0.82 |
| Hypertension (%) | 19.2 | 22.5 | 18.3 | 0.058 |
| Diabetes (%) | 5.5 | 6.0 | 5.2 | 0.215 |
| Hyperlipidaemia (%) | 41.4 | 46.1 | 35.9 | 0.003 |
| Hyperuricaemia (%) | 26.8 | 41.4 | 9.8 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular diseases (%) | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 0.74 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (%) | 3.2 | 2.2 | 4.1 | <0.001 |
| ACR > 30 mg/g (%) | 6.6 | 6.0 | 7.5 | 0.003 |
| Haematuria (%) | 3.8 | 2.4 | 6.6 | <0.001 |
| CKD (%) | 12.1 | 10.0 | 13.9 | <0.001 |
Data are means ± SD or percentages.
ACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.