Table 3.

Adjusted odds ratios for presence of CKD, albuminuria or reduced renal function

Variable	P–value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
CKD
Age (↑ 10 year)	<0.001	1.29 (1.19–1.39)
Diabetes	0.007	1.37 (1.09–1.71)
Hyperuricaemia	<0.001	1.60 (1.31–1.96)
Hypertension	<0.001	1.49 (1.23–1.80)
High systolic BP	<0.001	1.77 (1.44–2.17)
High diastolic BP	0.001	1.42 (1.15–1.75)
Smoking	0.02	1.41 (1.06–1.89)
Central obesity (BMI)	0.04	1.29 (1.01–1.65)
Metabolic syndrome	0.04	1.20 (1.01–1.44)
Education	0.01	0.90 (0.84–0.98)
Albuminuria
Age (↑ 10 year)	<0.001	1.26 (1.11–1.42)
Diabetes	<0.001	2.09 (1.52–2.87)
Hypertension	<0.001	1.91 (1.46–2.50)
High systolic BP	<0.001	2.20 (1.68–2.87)
High diastolic BP	<0.001	1.70 (1.29–2.25)
Education	0.005	0.84 (0.75–0.95)
Haematuria	<0.001	6.41 (4.41–9.33)
Central obesity	0.002	1.70 (1.21–2.39)
Hypertriglyceridaemia	0.010	1.32 (1.06–1.64)
Metabolic syndrome	<0.001	1.87 (1.41–2.48)
Nephrotoxic medications	0.003	2.09 (1.29–3.39)
Reduced renal function
Age (↑ 10 year)	<0.001	1.85 (1.62–2.13)
Microalbuminuria	<0.001	2.48 (1.63–3.77)
Hypertension	0.020	1.41 (1.05–1.89)
High systolic BP	0.020	1.42 (1.05–1.92)
Metabolic syndrome	0.030	1.40 (1.04–1.86)
Hyperuricaemia	<0.001	4.34 (3.23–5.82)
Smoking	0.048	1.44 (1.00–2.07)
Nephrotoxic medications	0.002	2.32 (1.05–3.45)

CKD, chronic kidney disease; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index.