Table 3.

Immunoactive compounds with Treg-enhancing capacity

Compound	Effect on Treg	Results in experimental autoimmune disease	Results in human autoimmune disease
Anti-CD3 antibodies	Treg induction	Complete and sustained remission in recent-onset diabetic NOD mice [56]	Long-term improved insulin production in new-onset Type 1 diabetes [52, 53]
			Short-term improvement in the number of inflamed joints in PsA [54]
Neuropeptides	Treg induction, expansion and enhanced function	VIP reduces development of CIA and established disease in DBA/1J mice [57, 63]	–
		Urocortin reduces severity of established CIA in DBA/1J mice [64]
Retinoic acid	Treg induction	Reduced incidence of diabetes in NOD mice with established insulitis [70]	–
		Improved bodyweight and reduced colon inflammation in TNBS-induced colitis [71]
		Reduced severity and incidence of CIA in DBA/1J mice [72]
HDAC inhibitors	Enhancement and stabilization of FOXP3 expression leading to enhanced function	TSA and SAHA prevent bodyweight loss and histological damage in DSS-induced colitis [80, 81]	–
		TSA reduces development of renal pathology in lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice [82]
		VPA reduces the incidence and severity of CIA in DBA/1J mice [83]

NOD: non-obese diabetic; TNBS: trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; DSS: dextran sodium sulphate.