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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Oct 28.
Published in final edited form as: S Afr Med J. 2009 May;99(5 Pt 2):358–366.

Table III.

Estimated strength of association between selected covariates and cumulative occurrence of drug use

Alcohol
Tobacco
Cannabis
Other drugs (e.g. cocaine)
Extra-medical
OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI
Age (yrs)
 18 – 29 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 -
 30 – 39 1.0 0.8 – 1.3 1.1 0.9 – 1.3 0.7 0.5 – 1.2 1.3 0.7 – 2.4 1.1 0.9 – 1.4
 40 – 49 1.2 0.9 – 1.5 1.3 1.0 – 1.8 0.6 0.4 – 1.0 0.6 0.2 – 1.9 0.8 0.6 – 1.1
 ≥50 0.9 0.7 – 1.1 1.4 1.0 – 1.8 0.5 0.3 – 0.9 0.4 0.1 – 1.3 0.8 0.5 – 1.1
Gender
 Male 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 -
 Female 0.3 0.2 – 0.3 0.2 0.1 – 0.2 0.1 0.1 – 0.2 0.2 0.1 – 0.5 1.0 0.8 – 1.1
Race
 Black 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 -
 White 3.1 2.0 – 4.6 3.2 2.2 – 4.6 1.7 0.9 – 3.1 2.2 1.1 – 4.3 1.0 0.3 – 1.4
 Coloured 2.6 1.9 – 3.5 3.4 2.8 – 4.2 2.7 1.9 – 3.8 3.9 1.6 – 9.8 0.7 0.4 – 2.3
 Indian/Asian 0.9 0.6 – 1.4 1.7* 1.1 – 2.7 0.6 0.4 – 1.1 0 - 0.6 0.3 – 1.1
Education
 None 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 0 - 1.0 -
 Grade 1 – 7 1.0 0.7 – 1.4 0.8 0.6 – 1.2 1.1 0.5 – 2.3 1.0 - 1.3 0.8 – 2.1
 Grade 8 – 11 1.2 0.8 – 1.6 0.8 0.6 – 1.2 1.9 0.9 – 4.0 3.3 1.1 – 9.7 1.3 0.8 – 2.3
 Matric 1.3 1.0 – 1.8 0.8 0.6 – 1.1 1.6 0.7 – 3.4 2.6 0.9 – 7.6 1.5 0.8 – 2.7
 Matric+ 1.4 1.0 – 2.0 0.9 0.6 – 1.3 2.8 1.4 – 5.7 3.1 1.1 – 8.3 1.5 0.8 – 2.7
Marital status
 Currently married 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 -
 Previously married 1.1 0.8 – 1.7 1.4 1.0 – 1.8 1.0 0.6 – 1.9 1.8 0.5 – 6.0 0.9 0.6 – 1.5
 Never married 1.1 0.8 – 1.3 0.8 0.6 – 1.0 1.4 1.0 – 2.0 1.5 0.7 – 3.2 1.0 0.8 – 1.2
Employment
 Employed 1.8 1.5 – 2.1 1.8 1.4 – 2.1 1.5 1.0 – 2.1 1.7 1.0 – 2.8 1.2 0.9 – 1.6
 Unemployed 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 -
Income
 None 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 -
 Low 1.1 0.8 – 1.5 1.0 0.8 – 1.3 0.8 0.5 – 1.4 0.9 0.2 – 3.4 1.2 0.8 – 1.7
 Low average 1.5 1.1 – 1.9 1.3 1.0 – 1.8 0.8 0.5 – 1.4 0.7 0.2 – 2.8 1.0 0.7 – 1.4
 High average 1.4 1.0 – 1.9 1.3 1.0 – 1.8 1.3 0.8 – 2.1 0.7 0.2 – 1.8 1.1 0.7 – 1.6
 High 1.2 0.9 – 1.6 1.3 1.0 – 1.7 1.3 0.9 – 2.1 0.3 0.1 – 1.9 1.1 0.8 – 1.6
Urban/rural residence
 Rural 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 -
 Urban 1.5 1.3 – 1.9 1.3 1.1 – 1.7 2.2 1.7 – 2.9 2.5 1.2 – 5.0 1.3 0.9 – 1.7
Asset index
 Low 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 -
 Average 1.6 1.4 – 1.8 1.2 1.0 – 1.5 1.7 1.2 – 2.6 1.4 0.8 – 2.6 1.4 1.0 – 1.8
 High 2.2 1.7 – 2.8 1.8 1.4 – 2.4 2.0 1.3 – 3.3 1.7 0.6 – 4.7 1.1 0.7 – 1.7
*

p<0.05.