Table 12.
Comparison of Beighton, Carter and Wilkinson, Bulbena and Marshall scales for diagnosis of joint hypermobility
| Criterion | Beighton [4,23,34] |
Carter and Wilkinson [29] |
Bulbena [36] |
Marshall [35] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thumb abduction | 1a | 1 | 1 | Grade I through V |
| Elbow hyperextension > 10° | 1a | 1 | 1 | |
| Fifth finger extension > 90° in MCP joint | 1a | 1 passive hyperextension of II-V fingers parallel to the forearm |
1 | |
| Knee hyperextension > 10° | 1a | 1 | ||
| Foot dorsiflexion | 1 (> 45°) |
1 (> 20°) |
||
| Palms flat on floor | 1 | |||
| Passive shoulder external rotation > 85° | 1 | |||
| Knee flexion allows the heel to make contact with the buttocks | 1 | |||
| Passive shift of the patella to the lateral side of the tibia | ||||
| Passive hip abduction > 85° | 1 | |||
| Hyperextension of MTP joints of the first finger > 90° | 1 | |||
| Appearance of ecchymoses after hardly noticed minimal trauma | 1 | |||
| Total score | 9 | 5 | 10 | I-V |
| Number of point for diagnosis | 4 [4,6,33,34] 7 [32] |
3 [29] | female ≥5, male ≥4 [36] | |
a 1 point per each side