A, B, C: Expression of UPR target genes was assessed by qPCR in VL-17A cells treated with 0, 50 and 100 mM ethanol for 18 (A), 24 (B) and 48 (C) hours. Horizontal lines show the median values of at least four independent experiments. Fold changes are shown as compared to their corresponding untreated samples. Statistical significance was determined via 1-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. D: Representative immunoblot of VL-17A cells treated with alcohol. BIP, phosphorylated EIF2S1, and total EIF2S1 levels were normalized to β-actin.